Risk-taking and risky decision-making in Internet gaming disorder: Implications regarding online gaming in the setting of negative consequences

AbstractBackground:Persistent gaming, despite acknowledgment of its negative consequences, is a major criterion for individuals with Internet gaming disorder (IGD). This study evaluated the adaptive decision-making, risky decision, and decision-making style of individuals with IGD.Methods:We recruited 87 individuals with IGD and 87 without IGD (matched controls). All participants underwent an interview based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th Edition) diagnostic criteria for IGD and completed an adaptive decision-making task; the Preference for Intuition and Deliberation Scale, Chen Internet Addiction Scale, and Barratt Impulsivity Scale were also assessed on the basis of the information from the diagnostic interviews.Results:The results demonstrated that the participants in both groups tend to make more risky choices in advantage trials where their expected value (EV) was more favorable than those of the riskless choice. The tendency to make a risky choice in advantage trials was stronger among IGD group than that among controls. Participants of both groups made more risky choices in the loss domain, a risky option to loss more versus sure loss option, than they did in the gain domain, a risky option to gain more versus sure gain. Furthermore, the participants with IGD made more risky choices in the gain domain than did the controls. Participants with IGD showed higher and lower preferences for intuitive and deliberative decision-making styles, respectively, than controls and their preferences for intuition and deliberation were positively and negatively associated with IGD severity, respectively.Conclusions:These results suggested that individuals with IGD have elevated EV sensitivity for decision-making. However, they demonstrated risky preferences in the gain domain and preferred an intuitive rather than deliberative decision-making style. This might explain why they continue Internet gaming despite negative consequences. Thus, therapists should focus more on decision-making styles and promote deliberative thinking processes to mitigate the long-term negative consequences of IGD.

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Impaired anterior insular activation during risky decision making in young adults with internet gaming disorder

Neuroreport ◽

10.1097/wnr.0000000000000584 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 27 (8) ◽

pp. 605-609 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Deokjong Lee ◽

Junghan Lee ◽

Kang Joon Yoon ◽

Namkoong Kee ◽

Young-Chul Jung

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Young Adults ◽

Internet Gaming Disorder ◽

Gaming Disorder ◽

Risky Decision Making ◽

Risky Decision ◽

Internet Gaming

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Hot and cold cognition in risky decision making: Accounting for age and gender differences in risk taking

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e683162011-022 ◽

2006 ◽

Author(s):

Bernd Figner ◽

Rachael J. Mackinlay ◽

Friedrich Wilkening ◽

Ryan O. Murphy ◽

Elke U. Weber

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Decision Making ◽

Risk Taking ◽

Risky Decision Making ◽

Risky Decision ◽

Age And Gender ◽

Age And Gender Differences ◽

And Gender

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Relationship between Internet Gaming Disorder with Depressive Syndrome and Dopamine Transporter Condition in Online Games Player

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2019.476 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (16) ◽

pp. 2638-2642 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bayu Ariatama ◽

Elmeida Effendy ◽

Mustafa M. Amin

Keyword(s):

Dopamine Transporter ◽

Internet Gaming Disorder ◽

Rank Correlation ◽

Online Games ◽

Depressive Syndrome ◽

Gaming Disorder ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Internet Gaming ◽

Patient Health ◽

The Relationship

BACKGROUND: Internet game playing is experiencing rapid growth in both youth and adult populations. The excess playing this game cause negative consequences, including game addiction. Internet Gaming Disorder is an increasingly prevalent disorder, which can have severe consequences in affected young people and their life. AIM: To observe the depressive syndrome and dopamine transporter condition (DAT) to find out the severity of internet gaming disorder. METHODS: To analyse the relationship between IGD and Depressive Syndrome and to analyse the relationship between IGD and DAT in online games player by using Spearman Rank Correlation Analysis. Depression testing is done by using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 method (PHQ-9). The sample of the experiments of this research was 48 online games players in the internet cafe at Medan Area sub-district, which ages between 20 – 40 years old and have been playing games for at least 12 months RESULTS: It was found that there was strong one-way relation (0.625) between IGD and PHQ-9 significantly (p < 0.01), however, it was found that strong enough (-0.465) relation between IGD and DAT (p < 0.01) and strong opposite relation (-0.680) between PHQ-9 and DAT (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: There was a relationship between Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) with depressive symptoms and Dopamine Transporter (DAT) level. PHQ-9 score was higher in people with a higher score of IGDS9-SF. As well as DAT level, there was opposite strong enough correlation between IGD and DAT that indicating the higher IGD score, the lower DAT level.

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Modeling the Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Real-Time Risky Decision-Making

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/154193129804200331 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 330-334

Author(s):

Joshua B. Hurwitz

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Risk Perception ◽

Real Time ◽

Risk Taking ◽

Time Of Day ◽

Risky Decision Making ◽

Risky Decision ◽

Distance Information ◽

Driving Task ◽

Response Choices

Increased real-time risk-taking under sleep loss could be marked by changes in risk perception or acceptance. Risk-perception processes are those involved in estimating real-time parameters such as the speeds and distances of hazardous objects. Risk-acceptance processes relate to response choices given risk estimates. Risk-taking under fatigue was studied using a simulated intersection-crossing driving task in which subjects decided when it was safe to cross an intersection as an oncoming car approached from the cross street. The subjects performed this task at 3-hour intervals over a 36-hour period without sleep. Results were modeled using a model of real-time risky decision making that has perceptual components that process speed, time and distance information, and a decisional component for accepting risk. Results showed that varying a parameter for the decisional component across sessions best accounted for variations in performance relating to time of day.

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Modernizing Conceptions of Valuation and Cognitive-Control Deployment in Adolescent Risk Taking

Current Directions in Psychological Science ◽

10.1177/0963721419887361 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 102-109 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kathy T. Do ◽

Paul B. Sharp ◽

Eva H. Telzer

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Control System ◽

Cognitive Control ◽

Computational Model ◽

Risk Taking ◽

Expected Value ◽

Risky Decision Making ◽

Risky Decision ◽

Adolescent Risk ◽

Risk Taking Behavior

Heightened risk taking in adolescence has long been attributed to valuation systems overwhelming the deployment of cognitive control. However, this explanation of why adolescents engage in risk taking is insufficient given increasing evidence that risk-taking behavior can be strategic and involve elevated cognitive control. We argue that applying the expected-value-of-control computational model to adolescent risk taking can clarify under what conditions control is elevated or diminished during risky decision-making. Through this lens, we review research examining when adolescent risk taking might be due to—rather than a failure of—effective cognitive control and suggest compelling ways to test such hypotheses. This effort can resolve when risk taking arises from an immaturity of the control system itself, as opposed to arising from differences in what adolescents value relative to adults. It can also identify promising avenues for channeling cognitive control toward adaptive outcomes in adolescence.

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Heightened Adolescent Risk-Taking? Insights From Lab Studies on Age Differences in Decision-Making

Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1177/2372732218801037 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 56-63 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Ivy N. Defoe ◽

Judith Semon Dubas ◽

Daniel Romer

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Age Differences ◽

Risk Taking ◽

Real World ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Risky Decision Making ◽

Risky Decision ◽

Neuropsychological Development ◽

Integrative Framework ◽

Adolescent Risk

Surveys concur that adolescents disproportionately engage in many real-world risk behaviors, compared with children and adults. Recently researchers have employed laboratory risky decision-making tasks to replicate this apparent heightened adolescent risk-taking. This review builds on the main findings of the first meta-analysis of such age differences in risky decision-making in the laboratory. Overall, although adolescents engage in more risky decision-making than adults, adolescents engage in risky decision-making equal to children. However, adolescents take fewer risks than children on tasks that allow the option of opting out of taking a risk. To reconcile findings on age differences in risk-taking in the real-world versus the laboratory, an integrative framework merges theories on neuropsychological development with ecological models that emphasize the importance of risk exposure in explaining age differences in risk-taking. Policy insights and recent developments are discussed.

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Altered brain functional networks in Internet gaming disorder: independent component and graph theoretical analysis under a probability discounting task

CNS Spectrums ◽

10.1017/s1092852918001505 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (5) ◽

pp. 544-556 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ziliang Wang ◽

Xiaoyue Liu ◽

Yanbo Hu ◽

Hui Zheng ◽

Xiaoxia Du ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Theoretical Analysis ◽

Internet Gaming Disorder ◽

Neural Mechanism ◽

Probability Discounting ◽

Independent Component ◽

Gaming Disorder ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Graph Theoretical Analysis ◽

Internet Gaming ◽

Imaging Results

ObjectivesInternet gaming disorder (IGD) is becoming a matter of concern around the world. However, the neural mechanism underlying IGD remains unclear. The purpose of this paper is to explore the differences between the neuronal network of IGD participants and that of recreational Internet game users (RGU).MethodsImaging and behavioral data were collected from 18 IGD participants and 20 RGU under a probability discounting task. The independent component analysis (ICA) and graph theoretical analysis (GTA) were used to analyze the data.ResultsBehavioral results showed the IGD participants, compared to RGU, prefer risky options to the fixed ones and spent less time in making risky decisions. In imaging results, the ICA analysis revealed that the IGD participants showed stronger functional connectivity (FC) in reward circuits and executive control network, as well as lower FC in anterior salience network (ASN) than RGU; for the GTA results, the IGD participants showed impaired FC in reward circuits and ASN when compared with RGU.ConclusionsThese results suggest that IGD participants were more sensitive to rewards, and they were more impulsive in decision-making as they could not control their impulsivity effectively. This might explain why IGD participants cannot stop their gaming behaviors even when facing severe negative consequences.

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