Insights into dental mineralization from three heritable mineralization disorders

Several pathologies have been diagnosed in children of hypertensive mothers; however, some studies that evaluated the alterations in their oral health are not conclusive. This study analyzed the salivary gland activity and dental mineralization of offsprings of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Thirty-day-old SHR males and Wistar rats were studied. The salivary flow was evaluated by injection of pilocarpine, the protein concentration and salivary amylase activity, by the Lowry method and kinetic method at 405 nm, respectively. Enamel and dentin mineralization of the mandibular incisors was quantified with aid of the microhardness meter. The results were analyzed by the ANOVA or Student's t test (p<0.05). It was noticed that the salivary flow rate (0.026 mL/min/100 g ± 0.002) and salivary protein concentration (2.26 mg/mL ± 0.14) of SHR offspring were reduced compared to Wistar normotensive offspring (0.036 mL/min/100 g ± 0.003 and 2.91 mg/mL ± 0.27, respectively), yet there was no alteration in amylase activity (SHR: 242.4 U/mL ± 36.9; Wistar: 163.8 U/mL ± 14.1). Microhardness was lower both in enamel (255.8 KHN ± 2.6) and dentin (59.9 KHN ± 0.8) for the SHR teeth compared to the Wistar teeth (enamel: 328.7 KHN ± 3.3 and dentin: 67.1 KHN ± 1.0). These results suggest that the SHR offspring are more susceptible to development of pathologies impairing oral health, once they presented lesser flow and salivary protein concentration and lower dental mineralization.

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Evaluation of the effectiveness of the Chronological Dental Mineralization Table of Permanent Teeth among Brazilians in the city of Belo Horizonte

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v11i1.24531 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. e4711124531

Author(s):

Bárbara Taíny Barbosa Niquini ◽

Aline de Freitas Fernandes ◽

Fernanda Capurucho Horta Bouchardet ◽

Flávio Ricardo Manzi

Keyword(s):

Permanent Teeth ◽

Criminal Cases ◽

Children And Young People ◽

Average Percentage ◽

Body Development ◽

Belo Horizonte ◽

Age Range ◽

The City ◽

Dental Mineralization

The knowledge of an individual age, especially children and young people, is important in civil and criminal cases, such as adoption and when is important determining criminal imputability. To estimate this age, when there are no suitable documents to prove it, body development factors are used, especially those that show the stages of mineralization of the teeth. To this estimation, numerous tables have been developed in the most diverse regions. The aim of this study was to analyze the accuracy of the Chronological Table of Mineralization of Permanent Teeth among Brazilians in a region different from that in which the method was developed, namely, Vale do Paraíba (SP - Brazil). For this purpose, 442 panoramic radiographs of individuals aged 5 years to 20 years and 4 months, taken in the central region of the city of Belo Horizonte (MG), were used. After applying the table, with the determination of the stages of each tooth present in the radiograph and an average between them, using the data developed by the authors, the total average percentage of correct answers was 63.5%, showing a low number, especially in the age range of 14 to 17 years. When the estimate was analyzed for sexual dimorphism, no significant differences were found. Through this study, one can perceive a need for standardization and detailing in the methodology, besides its updating and complementation with data that encompass dental development in the different regions of the country.

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TNAP as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular calcification: a discussion of its pleiotropic functions in the body

Cardiovascular Research ◽

10.1093/cvr/cvaa299 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Claudia Goettsch ◽

Agnieszka Strzelecka-Kiliszek ◽

Laurence Bessueille ◽

Thibaut Quillard ◽

Laura Mechtouff ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pyridoxal Phosphate ◽

The Body ◽

Aortic Valves ◽

Full Spectrum ◽

Promising Target ◽

Key Enzyme ◽

Pleiotropic Functions ◽

Dental Mineralization

Abstract Cardiovascular calcification (CVC) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. It develops in several diseases and locations, such as in the tunica intima in atherosclerosis plaques, in the tunica media in type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease, and in aortic valves. In spite of the wide occurrence of CVC and its detrimental effects on cardiovascular diseases (CVD), no treatment is yet available. Most of CVC involve mechanisms similar to those occurring during endochondral and/or intramembranous ossification. Logically, since tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is the key-enzyme responsible for skeletal/dental mineralization, it is a promising target to limit CVC. Tools have recently been developed to inhibit its activity and preclinical studies conducted in animal models of vascular calcification already provided promising results. Nevertheless, as its name indicates, TNAP is ubiquitous and recent data indicate that it dephosphorylates different substrates in vivo to participate in other important physiological functions besides mineralization. For instance, TNAP is involved in the metabolism of pyridoxal phosphate and the production of neurotransmitters. TNAP has also been described as an anti-inflammatory enzyme able to dephosphorylate adenosine nucleotides and lipopolysaccharide. A better understanding of the full spectrum of TNAP’s functions is needed to better characterize the effects of TNAP inhibition in diseases associated with CVC. In this review, after a brief description of the different types of CVC, we describe the newly uncovered additional functions of TNAP and discuss the expected consequences of its systemic inhibition in vivo.

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Determining the Legal Age Between 12 and 14 Years Old: Contribution from Radiograpiuc Examination of Dental Mineralization

Acta Medicinæ Legalis Vol. XLIV 1994 ◽

10.1007/978-3-642-79523-7_115 ◽

1995 ◽

pp. 348-351

Author(s):

M. Sapanet ◽

A. Letient ◽

C. Georget ◽

P. Fronty

Keyword(s):

Dental Mineralization

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Dental Mineralization in Rickets Studied Using Microcomputed Tomography

Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology ◽

10.1016/j.oooo.2013.12.280 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 117 (2) ◽

pp. e203

Author(s):

FÁBIO WILDSON GURGEL COSTA ◽

THYCIANA RODRIGUES RIBEIRO ◽

EDUARDO COSTA STUDART SOARES ◽

JAMES CALDWELL WILLIAMS ◽

CRISTIANE SÁ RORIZ FONTELES

Keyword(s):

Microcomputed Tomography ◽

Dental Mineralization

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Micro‐CT assessment of dental mineralization defects indicative of vitamin D deficiency in two 17th–19th century Dutch communities

American Journal of Physical Anthropology ◽

10.1002/ajpa.23819 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 169 (1) ◽

pp. 122-131 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Barbara Veselka ◽

Megan B. Brickley ◽

Lori D'Ortenzio ◽

Bonnie Kahlon ◽

Menno L. P. Hoogland ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

19Th Century ◽

Micro Ct ◽

Dental Mineralization

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TNAP: A New Multitask Enzyme in Energy Metabolism

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms221910470 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (19) ◽

pp. 10470

Author(s):

Anne Briolay ◽

Laurence Bessueille ◽

David Magne

Keyword(s):

Energy Metabolism ◽

Adipocyte Differentiation ◽

Perinatal Death ◽

Fatty Acid Transport ◽

Gene Encoding ◽

Inorganic Pyrophosphate ◽

Bile Excretion ◽

And Function ◽

Hydrolysis Of ◽

Dental Mineralization

Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is mainly known for its necessary role in skeletal and dental mineralization, which relies on the hydrolysis of the mineralization inhibitor inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi). Mutations in the gene encoding TNAP leading to severe hypophosphatasia result in strongly reduced mineralization and perinatal death. Fortunately, the relatively recent development of a recombinant TNAP with a bone anchor has allowed to correct the bone defects and prolong the life of affected babies and children. Researches on TNAP must however not be slowed down, because accumulating evidence indicates that TNAP activation in individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with enhanced cardiovascular mortality, presumably in relation with cardiovascular calcification. On the other hand, TNAP appears to be necessary to prevent the development of steatohepatitis in mice, suggesting that TNAP plays protective roles. The aim of the present review is to highlight the known or suspected functions of TNAP in energy metabolism that may be associated with the development of MetS. The location of TNAP in liver and its function in bile excretion, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) detoxification and fatty acid transport will be presented. The expression and function of TNAP in adipocyte differentiation and thermogenesis will also be discussed. Given that TNAP is a tissue- and substrate-nonspecific phosphatase, we believe that it exerts several crucial pathophysiological functions that are just beginning to be discovered.

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Prevalence of low alkaline phosphatase activity in laboratory assessment: Is hypophosphatasia an underdiagnosed disease?

Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases ◽

10.1186/s13023-021-02084-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tobias Schmidt ◽

Constantin Schmidt ◽

Michael Amling ◽

Jan Kramer ◽

Florian Barvencik

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Bone Mineralization ◽

Population Based ◽

Laboratory Measurements ◽

Northern Germany ◽

Laboratory Assessment ◽

Alp Activity ◽

A Value ◽

Single Laboratory ◽

Dental Mineralization

Abstract Background Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) encoded by the ALPL gene is of particular importance for bone mineralization. Mutation in the ALPL gene can lead to persistent low ALP activity resulting in the rare disease Hypophosphatasia (HPP) that is characterized by disturbed bone and dental mineralization. While severe forms are extremely rare with an estimated prevalence of 1/100.000, recent studies suggest that moderate form caused by heterozygous mutations are much more frequent with an estimated prevalence of 1/508. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of low AP levels in the population based on laboratory measurements. Methods In this study, the prevalence of low AP activity and elevated pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP) levels was analyzed in 6.918.126 measurements from 2011 to 2016 at a single laboratory in northern Germany. Only laboratory values of subjects older than 18 years of age were included. Only the first measurement was included, all repeated values were excluded. Results In total, 8.46% of the measurements of a total of 6.918.126 values showed a value < 30 U/L. 0.59% of the subjects with an ALP activity below 30 U/L had an additional PLP measurement. Here, 6.09% showed elevated pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP) levels. This suggest that 0.52% (1:194) of subjects show laboratory signs of HPP. Conclusion These data support the genetic estimation that the prevalence of moderate forms of HPP may be significantly higher than expected. Based on these data, we recommend automatically measurement of PLP in the case of low ALP activity and a notification to the ordering physician that HPP should be included in the differential diagnosis and further exploration is recommended.

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Detecting menarcheal status through dental mineralization stages?

American Journal of Physical Anthropology ◽

10.1002/ajpa.23027 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 161 (2) ◽

pp. 367-373

Author(s):

Alizé Lacoste Jeanson ◽

Frédéric Santos ◽

Jaroslav Bruzek ◽

Vanessa Urzel

Keyword(s):

Dental Mineralization

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Expression of Phosphate Transporters during Dental Mineralization

Journal of Dental Research ◽

10.1177/0022034517729811 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 97 (2) ◽

pp. 209-217 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

L. Merametdjian ◽

S. Beck-Cormier ◽

N. Bon ◽

G. Couasnay ◽

S. Sourice ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tooth Development ◽

Human Tooth ◽

Direct Role ◽

Spatiotemporal Expression ◽

Tooth Mineralization ◽

Dentin Mineralization ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Tooth Germs ◽

Dental Mineralization

The importance of phosphate (Pi) as an essential component of hydroxyapatite crystals suggests a key role for membrane proteins controlling Pi uptake during mineralization in the tooth. To clarify the involvement of the currently known Pi transporters (Slc17a1, Slc34a1, Slc34a2, Slc34a3, Slc20a1, Slc20a2, and Xpr1) during tooth development and mineralization, we determined their spatiotemporal expression in murine tooth germs from embryonic day 14.5 to postnatal day 15 and in human dental samples from Nolla stages 6 to 9. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and X-gal staining, we showed that the expression of Slc17a1, Slc34a1, and Slc34a3 in tooth germs from C57BL/6 mice were very low. In contrast, Slc34a2, Slc20a1, Slc20a2, and Xpr1 were highly expressed, mostly during the postnatal stages. The expression of Slc20a2 was 2- to 10-fold higher than the other transporters. Comparable results were obtained in human tooth germs. In mice, Slc34a2 and Slc20a1 were predominantly expressed in ameloblasts but not odontoblasts, while Slc20a2 was detected neither in ameloblasts nor in odontoblasts. Rather, Slc20a2 was highly expressed in the stratum intermedium and the subodontoblastic cell layer. Although Slc20a2 knockout mice did not show enamel defects, mutant mice showed a disrupted dentin mineralization, displaying unmerged calcospherites at the mineralization front. This latter phenotypical finding raises the possibility that Slc20a2 may play an indirect role in regulating the extracellular Pi availability for mineralizing cells rather than a direct role in mediating Pi transport through mineralizing plasma cell membranes. By documenting the spatiotemporal expression of Pi transporters in the tooth, our data support the possibility that the currently known Pi transporters may be dispensable for the initiation of dental mineralization and may rather be involved later during the tooth mineralization scheme.

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