body development
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Author(s):  
Fernando Arellano-Rodríguez ◽  
Josefina Lopez-Hernandez ◽  
Zurisaday Santos-Jiménez ◽  
Oscar Ángel-Garcia ◽  
Dalia I. Carrillo-Moreno ◽  
...  

Background: Ruminants, during the newborn stage, are considered as agammaglobulinemic (calves and buffalos) or hypogammaglobulinemic (kids and lambs), where the colostrum intake is important for the decrease of illness incidence, an adequate development and a low peripartum mortality. The aim was to evaluate the use of dehydrated bovine colostrum as an alternative to natural ovine colostrum upon de development and immunity of Dorper lambs. Methods: A total of 35 lambs, divided in two groups, one (CN; n=17) fed with natural colostrum directly from the mother, the second (CB; n=18) fed with a colostrum substitute based on dehydrated bovine colostrum, were used. Result: The colostrum quality was better for the CN group regarding lipids, CP, density, solids and fat when compared to the CB (p less than 0.05). Glucose levels were higher in the CN than the CB 24 h after colostrum administration (116 mg/dl and 97 mg/dl, respectively; p less than 0.05). There were no diarrheas or respiratory illnesses in lambs from both groups at 24 h after birth (p greater than 0.05). Maybe, the use of bovine dehydrated colostrum transfers a similar immunization than natural colostrum, which generated a low incidence of respiratory and metabolic illnesses and a good body development.


2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. e4711124531
Author(s):  
Bárbara Taíny Barbosa Niquini ◽  
Aline de Freitas Fernandes ◽  
Fernanda Capurucho Horta Bouchardet ◽  
Flávio Ricardo Manzi

The knowledge of an individual age, especially children and young people, is  important in civil and criminal cases, such as adoption and when is important determining criminal imputability. To estimate this age, when there are no suitable documents to prove it, body development factors are used, especially those that show the stages of mineralization of the teeth. To this estimation, numerous tables have been developed in the most diverse regions. The aim of this study was to analyze the accuracy of the Chronological Table of Mineralization of Permanent Teeth among Brazilians in a region different from that in which the method was developed, namely, Vale do Paraíba (SP - Brazil). For this purpose, 442 panoramic radiographs of individuals aged 5 years to 20 years and 4 months, taken in the central region of the city of Belo Horizonte (MG), were used. After applying the table, with the determination of the stages of each tooth present in the radiograph and an average between them, using the data developed by the authors, the total average percentage of correct answers was 63.5%, showing a low number, especially in the age range of 14 to 17 years. When the estimate was analyzed for sexual dimorphism, no significant differences were found. Through this study, one can perceive a need for standardization and detailing in the methodology, besides its updating and complementation with data that encompass dental development in the different regions of the country.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laszlo G Nagy ◽  
Peter Jan Vonk ◽  
Markus Kunzler ◽  
Csenge Foldi ◽  
Mate Viragh ◽  
...  

Fruiting bodies of mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) are among the most complex structures produced by fungi. Unlike vegetative hyphae, fruiting bodies grow determinately and follow a genetically encoded developmental program that orchestrates tissue differentiation, growth and sexual sporulation. In spite of more than a century of research, our understanding of the molecular details of fruiting body morphogenesis is limited and a general synthesis on the genetics of this complex process is lacking. In this paper, we aim to comprehensively identify conserved genes related to fruiting body morphogenesis and distill novel functional hypotheses for functionally poorly characterized genes. As a result of this analysis, we report 921 conserved developmentally expressed gene families, only a few dozens of which have previously been reported in fruiting body development. Based on literature data, conserved expression patterns and functional annotations, we provide informed hypotheses on the potential role of these gene families in fruiting body development, yielding the most complete description of molecular processes in fruiting body morphogenesis to date. We discuss genes related to the initiation of fruiting, differentiation, growth, cell surface and cell wall, defense, transcriptional regulation as well as signal transduction. Based on these data we derive a general model of fruiting body development, which includes an early, proliferative phase that is mostly concerned with laying out the mushroom body plan (via cell division and differentiation), and a second phase of growth via cell expansion as well as meiotic events and sporulation. Altogether, our discussions cover 1480 genes of Coprinopsis cinerea, and their orthologs in Agaricus bisporus, Cyclocybe aegerita, Armillaria ostoyae, Auriculariopsis ampla, Laccaria bicolor, Lentinula edodes, Lentinus tigrinus, Mycena kentingensis, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Schizophyllum commune, providing functional hypotheses for ~10% of genes in the genomes of these species. Although experimental evidence for the role of these genes will need to be established in the future, our data provide a roadmap for guiding functional analyses of fruiting related genes in the Agaricomycetes. We anticipate that the gene compendium presented here, combined with developments in functional genomics approaches will contribute to uncovering the genetic bases of one of the most spectacular multicellular developmental processes in fungi. Key words: functional annotation; comparative genomics; cell wall remodeling; development; fruiting body morphogenesis; mushroom; transcriptome


Author(s):  
Yubo Qing ◽  
Muhammad Ameen Jamal ◽  
Dejia Shi ◽  
Sumei Zhao ◽  
Kaixiang Xu ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Sandeep Kumar ◽  
S.P. Dahiya ◽  
Ankit Magotra ◽  
Yogesh C. Bangar ◽  
Asha Rani Garg

Background: Leptin is a varied hormone which plays vital role in body development by regulating the balance between food intake and energy expenditure by signaling to the brain. Leptin has diverse effect on controlling appetite, energy metabolism, growth, reproduction, body composition and immunity. The present study was aimed to screen candidate point mutation (g.332G greater than A) in the targeted genomic region of leptin gene in Munjal sheep. Methods: A total of 50 Munjal sheep were selected and genomic DNA was isolated in Automated Maxell RSC DNA/ RNA purification system by using Maxwell RSC whole blood DNA kit. Reported set of primers was used to amplify 463bp fragment encompassing targeted region (exon 3) of leptin gene. PCR-RFLP was performed to genotype targeted point mutation in our resource population. PCR products were digested by Cail 1 restriction enzyme to genotype g.332G greater than A (at 332th nucleotide of exon 3 leptin gene) non-synonymous mutation (Arg to Gln). Result: All studied samples resolved into monomorphic banding pattern, revealed only AA (463bp single band bp) genotype. The absence of candidate mutation in our resource population might be due to small sample size.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiv K. Tyagi ◽  
Arnav Mehrotra ◽  
Akansha Singh ◽  
Amit Kumar ◽  
Triveni Dutt ◽  
...  

India is home to a large and diverse buffalo population. The Murrah breed of North India is known for its milk production, and it has been used in breeding programs in several countries. Selection signature analysis yield valuable information about how the natural and artificial selective pressures have shaped the genomic landscape of modern-day livestock species. Genotype information was generated on six buffalo breeds of India, namely, Murrah, Bhadawari, Mehsana, Pandharpuri, Surti, and Toda using ddRAD sequencing protocol. Initially, the genotypes were used to carry out population diversity and structure analysis among the six breeds, followed by pair-wise comparisons of Murrah with the other five breeds through XP-EHH and FST methodologies to identify regions under selection in Murrah. Admixture results showed significant levels of Murrah inheritance in all the breeds except Pandharpuri. The selection signature analysis revealed six regions in Murrah, which were identified in more than one pair-wise comparison through both XP-EHH and FST analyses. The significant regions overlapped with QTLs for milk production, immunity, and body development traits. Genes present in these regions included SLC37A1, PDE9A, PPBP, CXCL6, RASSF6, AFM, AFP, ALB, ANKRD17, CNTNAP2, GPC5, MYLK3, and GPT2. These genes emerged as candidates for future polymorphism studies of adaptability and performance traits in buffaloes. The results also suggested ddRAD sequencing as a useful cost-effective alternative for whole-genome sequencing to carry out diversity analysis and discover selection signatures in Indian buffalo breeds.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Zhihua Zhao ◽  
Kejun Li ◽  
Qingmin Ma ◽  
Xiaobin Zhao ◽  
Zhiyang Jia

Strabismus is a common ophthalmic disease in the process of child body development, in which the two eyes cannot gaze at the target at the same time, and the incidence of this disease of children is higher. In children with esotropia, exotropia, and up and down strabismus and other typical symptoms, the cause is genetic, innerve, and refractive and regulated, and not receiving timely treatment may lead to stereo vision and diplopia and other phenomena, affecting their learning and life. Surgical treatment is the main treatment for strabismus at present. Traditional orthodontic surgery is performed by doctors under the naked eye, often due to improper operation or suture error and other factors, resulting in more postoperative complications, such as more tissue damage, conjunctival congestion, and muscle suture reaction, which seriously affect the clinical effect of surgical treatment. In recent years, with the continuous development of microsurgical technology, the correction of strabismus under a microscope has been widely carried out in clinic. The operation under the microscope makes the operation more delicate and accurate, overcomes the defects of traditional surgery, and highlights the advantages of minimally invasive surgery. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of microsurgical techniques in the treatment of strabismus in children and to analyze the factors influencing the outcome. The results showed that microsurgical strabismus correction in the treatment of strabismus children has short operation time, less intraoperative blood loss, short hospital stay, high efficiency, and less complications, which is worthy of popularization. Age, preoperative strabismus angle, refractive error, distance stereopsis injury, near stereoscopic injury, and duration of disease were all independent influencing factors of postoperative efficacy.


2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 436-437
Author(s):  
Vanessa Lima ◽  
Julio O J Barcellos ◽  
Gabriel R Pereira ◽  
Marcela K Rocha ◽  
Tamara E Oliveira ◽  
...  

Abstract This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of earlier weaning in addition to biocholine supplementation on age at puberty of Brangus heifers. Brangus calves were randomized and divided into three weaning ages groups, at 30 (Hyper-early weaning; HW), 75 (Early weaning; EW) and 180 days (Conventional weaning; CW). Then, calves were supplemented using the additive Biocholine (BIO) or not (CON). Animals were subjected to puberty induction and transrectal ultrasonography was performed to assess the ovarian activity and the presence of corpus luteum to determine heifer puberty. We also evaluated the body weight (BW; Kg), hip height (HH; cm), thoracic perimeter (TP; cm) and BW:HH ratio during the experimental period. BIO group showed higher ADG (>226g/day) when the animals were exposed to ryegrass pasture compared to CON (P < 0.05). We observed an interaction between weaning x biocholine and CW-BIO heifers showed greater HH more compared to CW-CON (P < 0.05). Overall, animals that have reached puberty at day 8 after puberty induction showed 331.0±23.14kg BW, 122.0±2.58cm HH and 165.4±3.45cm TP and 2.7±0.14 BW:HH. At the time of ovulation detection, the heifers from the HW group had 32.1kg BW, 3.93cm HH and 0.18cm BW:HH greater compared to CW (P < 0.05). The BIO supplementation together with ryegrass pasture, led to an increase in ADG weight throughout the evaluated period. We concluded that HW heifers showed an adequate body development throughout the experimental period until puberty appearance at the same age as others weaned groups.


Author(s):  
А.А. Хафизова

В статье представлены результаты исследования временной динамики некоторых соматических показателей московских юношей и девушек в начале XXI в. Использованы материалы антропометрического обследования студентов первого курса МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова 2000–2019 гг. Для изучения временной изменчивости отдельных компонентов телосложения была использована конституциональная схема В.Е. Дерябина, основанная на применении факторного анализа. Выявлена отчётливая тенденция к увеличению макросомности телосложения молодёжи: рост средних значений ИМТ, показателей общего развития скелета и поперечного развития тела. Мышечная и жировая масса изменялись на протяжении рассматриваемого двадцатилетнего периода времени нелинейно. Для обоих полов наблюдается увеличение показателей развития общего жироотложения вплоть до середины 2010-х гг. на фоне снижения показателей развития мускулатуры. В последние годы наблюдается обратная тенденция увеличения мышечной массы при одновременном уменьшении жировой. Возможной причиной обнаруженных временных изменений может выступать социокультурный контекст, а именно формирование во втором десятилетии XXI в. нового стандарта телесной красоты – стройного тела, с развитой мускулатурой. Результаты настоящего исследования могут представлять интерес для изучения механизмов биосоциальной адаптации современного населения. The article presents the results of the study of temporal dynamics of some somatic characteristics of Moscow young males and females at the beginning of the 21st century. The study is based on the anthropometric examination of the MSU first-year students carried out in 2000-2019. The Deryabin’s constitutional scheme based on factor analysis was used to investigate temporal variability of different components of body composition. The clear tendency towards macrosomia was revealed in young males and females, as evidenced by increments in the average BMI values, indicators of the general skeletal development, and transversal body development. During the studied period muscle and fat mass had been changing non-linearly. For both sex groups, an increase in the total fat mass was observed with a decrease in the muscular development until the mid-2010s. In recent years there has been a reverse trend towards an increase in muscularity with a simultaneous decline in fat mass. The 21st century sociocultural standards of a beautiful body (slender and muscular at the same time) could be a possible reason for the observed temporal trends. The results of this research can be used in the studies of the mechanisms of biosocial adaptation in modern populations.


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