Do they need to be tested to be deterred? Exploring the impact of exposure to roadside drug testing on drug driving

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Mills ◽  
J. Freeman ◽  
A. Parkes ◽  
J. Davey
Keyword(s):  
Drug Testing ◽  
The Impact

The impact of mandatory drug testing in prisons

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Singleton ◽  
Elizabeth Pendry ◽  
Tracy Simpson ◽  
Eileen Goddard ◽  
Michael Farrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Testing ◽  
The Impact

Drug Use in Prison: Patterns, Processes, and Implications for Treatment

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Inciardi ◽  
Dorothy Lockwood ◽  
Judith A. Quintan
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Prison Violence ◽  
Patterns Of Use ◽  
Correctional Settings ◽  
Correctional System ◽  
The Impact

Although there seems to be a consensus that “drugs are in every prison,” and that “prison drug use is widespread,” little is really known about the prevalence and patterns of drug use in prison. What appears in the academic and research literature is at best anecdotal, suggesting only that drug use and trafficking exist in correctional settings, and that the control of drugs by inmates is in part related to prison violence. Similarly, press reports descriptive of drug use in prison typically focus on trafficking networks and the complicity of prison personnel, rather than on prevalence and patterns of use. Within this context, this article addresses the nature of drug use in prison, based on systematic interviewing and drug testing in the Delaware correctional system. Some conclusions and implications are offered relative to the impact of prison drug use on corrections-based therapeutic initiatives.

scholarly journals Urinary Pharmacokinetic Profile of Cannabinoids Following Administration of Vaporized and Oral Cannabidiol and Vaporized CBD-Dominant Cannabis

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tory R Spindle ◽  
Edward J Cone ◽  
David Kuntz ◽  
John M Mitchell ◽  
George E Bigelow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Testing ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Profile ◽  
Chemical Constituent ◽  
Positive Urine ◽  
Urine Drug ◽  
Confirmatory Tests ◽  
Federal Workplace ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Urine Specimens

Abstract Cannabis products in which cannabidiol (CBD) is the primary chemical constituent (CBD-dominant) are increasingly popular and widely available. The impact of CBD exposure on urine drug testing has not been well studied. This study characterized the urinary pharmacokinetic profile of 100-mg oral and vaporized CBD, vaporized CBD-dominant cannabis (100-mg CBD; 3.7-mg ∆9-THC) and placebo in healthy adults (n = 6) using a within-subjects crossover design. Urine specimens were collected before and for 5 days after drug administration. Immunoassay (IA) screening (cutoffs of 20, 50 and 100 ng/mL) and LC–MS-MS confirmatory tests (cutoff of 15 ng/mL) for 11-nor-9-carboxy-∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THCCOOH) were performed; urine was also analyzed for CBD and other cannabinoids. Urinary concentrations of CBD were higher after oral (mean Cmax: 776 ng/mL) versus vaporized CBD (mean Cmax: 261 ng/mL). CBD concentrations peaked 5 h after oral CBD ingestion and within 1 h after inhalation of vaporized CBD. After pure CBD administration, only 1 out of 218 urine specimens screened positive for ∆9-THCCOOH (20-ng/mL IA cutoff) and no specimens exceeded the 15-ng/mL confirmatory cutoff. After inhalation of CBD-dominant cannabis vapor, nine samples screened positive at the 20-ng/mL IA cutoff, and two of those samples screened positive at the 50-ng/mL IA cutoff. Four samples that screened positive (two at 20 ng/mL and two at 50 ng/mL) confirmed positive with concentrations of ∆9-THCCOOH exceeding 15 ng/mL. These data indicate that acute dosing of pure CBD will not result in a positive urine drug test using current federal workplace drug testing guidelines (50-ng/mL IA cutoff with 15-ng/mL confirmatory cutoff). However, CBD products that also contain ∆9-THC may produce positive urine results for ∆9-THCCOOH. Accurate labeling and regulation of ∆9-THC content in CBD/hemp products are needed to prevent unexpected positive drug tests and unintended drug effects.

scholarly journals Modeling Prostate Cancer Treatment Responses in the Organoid Era: 3D Environment Impacts Drug Testing

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1572
Author(s):  
Annelies Van Hemelryk ◽  
Lisanne Mout ◽  
Sigrun Erkens-Schulze ◽  
Pim J. French ◽  
Wytske M. van Weerden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Nuclear Translocation ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Preclinical Research ◽  
3D Scaffolds ◽  
The Impact

Organoid-based studies have revolutionized in vitro preclinical research and hold great promise for the cancer research field, including prostate cancer (PCa). However, experimental variability in organoid drug testing complicates reproducibility. For example, we observed PCa organoids to be less affected by cabazitaxel, abiraterone and enzalutamide as compared to corresponding single cells prior to organoid assembly. We hypothesized that three-dimensional (3D) organoid organization and the use of various 3D scaffolds impact treatment efficacy. Live-cell imaging of androgen-induced androgen receptor (AR) nuclear translocation and taxane-induced tubulin stabilization was used to investigate the impact of 3D scaffolds, spatial organoid distribution and organoid size on treatment effect. Scaffolds delayed AR translocation and tubulin stabilization, with Matrigel causing a more pronounced delay than synthetic hydrogel as well as incomplete tubulin stabilization. Drug effect was further attenuated the more centrally organoids were located in the scaffold dome. Moreover, cells in the organoid core revealed a delayed treatment effect compared to cells in the organoid periphery, underscoring the impact of organoid size. These findings indicate that analysis of organoid drug responses needs careful interpretation and requires dedicated read-outs with consideration of underlying technical aspects.

scholarly journals Carboplatin sensitivity in epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines: The impact of model systems

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0244549
Author(s):  
Bishnubrata Patra ◽  
Muhammad Abdul Lateef ◽  
Melica Nourmoussavi Brodeur ◽  
Hubert Fleury ◽  
Euridice Carmona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Microfluidic Chips ◽  
The Impact

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in North America, underscoring the need for the development of new therapeutic strategies for the management of this disease. Although many drugs are pre-clinically tested every year, only a few are selected to be evaluated in clinical trials, and only a small number of these are successfully incorporated into standard care. Inaccuracies with the initial in vitro drug testing may be responsible for some of these failures. Drug testing is often performed using 2D monolayer cultures or 3D spheroid models. Here, we investigate the impact that these different in vitro models have on the carboplatin response of four EOC cell lines, and in particular how different 3D models (polydimethylsiloxane-based microfluidic chips and ultra low attachment plates) influence drug sensitivity within the same cell line. Our results show that carboplatin responses were observed in both the 3D spheroid models tested using apoptosis/cell death markers by flow cytometry. Contrary to previously reported observations, these were not associated with a significant decrease in spheroid size. For the majority of the EOC cell lines (3 out of 4) a similar carboplatin response was observed when comparing both spheroid methods. Interestingly, two cell lines classified as resistant to carboplatin in 2D cultures became sensitive in the 3D models, and one sensitive cell line in 2D culture showed resistance in 3D spheroids. Our results highlight the challenges of choosing the appropriate pre-clinical models for drug testing.

Histological and clinical evaluation of wound healing in pressure ulcers: a novel animal model

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (Sup6) ◽  
pp. S12-S21
Author(s):  
Diana G Sami ◽  
Ahmed Abdellatif
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Pressure Ulcers ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
P Value ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
The Impact

Objective: Pressure ulcers (PUs) are a major healthcare problem, commonly associated with older people, patients who are bedbound and patients with diabetes. The impact of PUs can decrease patients' quality of life, and lead to high morbidity and mortality rates. In this study, we aimed to describe a novel PU model that simulates pressure ulcers in humans to provide a research tool for new drug testing. Method: Diabetes was induced using streptozocin in 75 adult Sprague Dawley rats. To create the PU, skin was sandwiched between two magnets, one of them implanted below the panniculus carnosus muscle and the other above the skin. The model was tested on nondiabetic rats and diabetic rats, each with pressure ulcers, compared to nondiabetic rats with excisional wounds. Results: Results showed that the PU model in diabetic (p-value<0.000001) and non-diabetic rats (p-value<0.05) exhibited significantly delayed healing (no healing over 21 days) compared with the excisional wound that was completely healed by day 21. Conclusion: Diabetic rats showed significant changes in intact skin compared with non-diabetic rats, as well as a significant delay in the healing process compared with the non-diabetic group. By effectively impairing the skin contraction otherwise seen in the rats, and thereby delaying healing and making it similar to that seen in hard-to-heal PUs in humans, this model provides an effective tool for wound healing research.

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