PIN12 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CEFTIOFUR HYDROCHLORIDE FOR TREATMENT OF BOVINE CLINICAL MASTITIS CAUSED BY GRAM-NEGATIVE PATHOGENS IN DAIRY COWS IN THE UNITED STATES

The economic analysis of regulation is a broad topic, with implications for environmental protection, communications and technology policy, public health, immigration, national security, and other areas affecting risk and welfare in society. This chapter covers only a portion of the relevant ground, focusing on the following essential topics: First, what do we mean by “economic analysis” and what do we mean by “regulation”? Second, why has this topic become an important one, not only the United States, but in most advanced democracies? Third, why is economic analysis and regulation a contested, even contentious, aspect of modern regulatory activity? Finally, and most important, how is economic analysis structured into regulatory decision-making, and how might existing arrangements evolve over time?

Download Full-text

Statistical Inference in Economics in the 1920s and 1930s

History of Political Economy ◽

10.1215/00182702-9414775 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 53 (6) ◽

pp. 53-80

Author(s):

Jeff Biddle

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Probability Theory ◽

Economic Analysis ◽

Statistical Inference ◽

Statistical Data ◽

The United States ◽

Interesting Case ◽

Agricultural Products ◽

Department Of Agriculture ◽

The Us

Statistical inference is the process of drawing conclusions from samples of statistical data about things not fully described or recorded in those samples. During the 1920s, economists in the United States articulated a general approach to statistical inference that downplayed the value of the inferential measures derived from probability theory that later came to be central to the idea of statistical inference in economics. This approach is illustrated by the practices of economists of the Bureau of Economic Analysis of the US Department of Agriculture, who regularly analyzed statistical samples to forecast supplies of various agricultural products. Forecasting represents an interesting case for studying the development of inferential methods, as analysts receive regular feedback on the effectiveness of their inferences when forecasts are compared with actual events.

Download Full-text

Temporal Trends in the Microbiological Characteristics of Sepsis in the United States: A Population Based Study

Journal of Intensive Care Medicine ◽

10.1177/08850666211053778 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 088506662110537

Author(s):

Po-Yang Tsou ◽

Chia-Hung Yo ◽

Yenh-Chen Hsein ◽

Gregory Yungtum ◽

Wan-Ting Hsu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Temporal Trends ◽

Population Level ◽

The United States ◽

Population Based ◽

Epidemiologic Studies ◽

Annual Increase ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database ◽

Incidence And Mortality

Background Epidemiologic studies are needed for monitoring population-level trends in sepsis. This study examines sepsis-causing microorganisms from 2006 to 2014 in the United States using data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database. Methods 7 860 686 adults hospitalized with sepsis were identified using a validated ICD-9 coding approach. Associated microorganisms were identified by ICD-9 code and classified by major groups (Gram-positive, Gram-negative, fungi, anaerobes) and specific species for analysis of their incidence and mortality. Results The rate of sepsis incidence has increased for all four major categories of pathogens, while the mortality rate decreased. In 2014, Gram-negative pathogens had a higher incidence than Gram-positives. Anaerobes increased the fastest with an average annual increase of 20.17% (p < 0.001). Fungi had the highest mortality (19.28%) and the slowest annual decrease of mortality (−2.31%, p = 0.006) in 2013, while anaerobic sepsis had the highest hazard of mortality (adjusted HR 1.60, 95% CI 1.53-1.66). Conclusions Gram-negative pathogens have replaced Gram-positives as the leading cause of sepsis in the United States in 2014 during the study period (2006-2014). The incidence of anaerobic sepsis has an annual increase of 20%, while the mortality of fungal sepsis has not decreased at the same rate as other microorganisms. These findings should inform the diagnosis and management of septic patients, as well as the implementation of public health programs.

Download Full-text

Factors in a British Trade Cycle

The Journal of Economic History ◽

10.1017/s0022050700065712 ◽

1954 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 266-270

Author(s):

W. W. Rostow

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Economic Analysis ◽

The United States ◽

Full Length ◽

Trade Cycle ◽

British Trade

R. C. O. Matthews' full-length study of British fluctuations in the 1830's is good history and good economic analysis. There is no equivalent book on a single cyclical passage, not even excepting the great interwar boom and slump in the United States.

Download Full-text