Effect of pre-grazing herbage mass on pasture production and performance of suckler-bred steers during the grazing season and subsequent indoor finishing period

SUMMARYTwo trials were conducted, using 18 and 30 castrated male calves respectively, to investigate the importance of milk in the diet of calves during the first 8 months of life and its effect on herbage intake and live-weight change. Reconstituted milk substitute was fed in a manner that simulated the supply of milk for lactation, yields of 2101, 1635 and 1165 kg (Expt 1) and 1906, 1609, 1304, 1005 and 701 kg (Expt 2) over a 240-day period. Calves were purchased in mid-February, when approximately 1 week old, and housed individually until turned out to graze at 10 weeks of age. At pasture, the calves were strip grazed on swards of Lolium perenne cv. S. 23 or S. 24 and given a daily herbage allowance of 60 g D.m./kg live weight.The live-weight gain response to milk consumption was 81 g/kg milk fed during the housed period and 50 g during the grazing season. Herbage and milk intake per unit live weight were inversely related but because the grazing season responses were confounded with the treatments during the housed periods, it was not possible to determine true replacement rates. Herbage intake per head increased with time but there was no general trend when intake was expressed per unit live weight.

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Performance and body composition of young steers given stack-ammoniated hay with or without a supplement or untreated hay with a supplement

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100040332 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 341-351 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. J. Gibb ◽

R. D. Baker

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Compensatory Growth ◽

Winter Period ◽

Short Term ◽

Grazing Season ◽

Acid Detergent Fibre ◽

Gross Energy ◽

And Performance ◽

Highly Correlated

ABSTRACTAn experiment was carried out to investigate the performance of young steers given either ammoniated hay alone (TA), or supplemented daily with either 112 g fish meal (TF) or 2 kg barley (TB) or 2 kg barley-based concentrate (TC), compared with untreated hay supplemented with either urea (UU), to raise the nitrogen content of the diet to that of the ammoniated hay, or with 2 kg concentrate (UC). Serial slaughter of animals was carried out to examine the effects on body composition during the winter feeding period and subsequent grazing season.Ammoniation of the hay significantly increased the in vivo digestibility of organic matter, acid-detergent fibre, neutral-detergent fibre and cellulose fractions (0·672 v. 0·643, 0·740 v. 0·670, 0·758 v. 0·638 and 0·826 v. 0·741, respectively). When offered with 2 kg concentrate, intake of ammoniated hay was higher than that of the untreated hay. Empty body weight gains (EBWG) during the winter period were affected by treatment (174, 225, 293, 590, 631 and 692 g/day for treatments UU, TA, TF, UC, TB and TC, respectively), and were highly correlated with total gross energy intakes (56·0, 61·0, 62·9, 74·5, 73·2 and 83·1 MJ/day, respectively). As the rate of EBWG increased, the fat proportion (g/kg EBW) at turn-out also increased. During the grazing season animals which had been on treatments UU, TA and TF showed a marked degree of compensatory growth (759, 686 and 640 g/day EBWG, respectively) compared with treatments UC, TB and TC (623, 572 and 601 g/day EBWG, respectively), and differential rates of tissue gain. This resulted in reduced, though still significant, differences in EBW, although body composition (g/kg EBW) at final slaughter was similar for all treatments. Thus, whilst short-term advantages in intake and performance can be obtained by ammoniation of hay, the benefits so achieved may not persist due to subsequent compensatory growth at pasture.

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STUDIES ON THE EXTENSION OF THE GRAZING SEASON. III. Management and performance of winter-grazed cattle

Grass and Forage Science ◽

10.1111/j.1365-2494.1958.tb00124.x ◽

1958 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 137-146 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. L. Corbett ◽

P. E. Gwynn ◽

D. Walker ◽

J. N. Aitken

Keyword(s):

Grazing Season ◽

And Performance

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Forage intake, digestibility and performance of cattle, horses, sheep and goats grazing together on an improved heathland

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an15153 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 57 (1) ◽

pp. 102 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

K. Osoro ◽

L. M. M. Ferreira ◽

U. García ◽

A. Martínez ◽

R. Celaya

Keyword(s):

Late Summer ◽

Grazing Season ◽

Sheep And Goats ◽

Heathland Vegetation ◽

Herbivore Species ◽

Forage Intake ◽

Cattle Herds ◽

And Performance ◽

Pasture Area ◽

Ingestive Behaviour

A mixed herd of five cows, five mares, 32 ewes and 32 goats was managed with their offspring during two consecutive years in a paddock (22.3 ha) with 76% of heathlands and 24% of improved pasture area, with the aim of studying their differences in ingestive behaviour and performance. Diet composition, dry matter intake (DMI) and digestibility (DMD) were estimated on three occasions using the alkane technique, and all animals were periodically weighed to calculate bodyweight (BW) changes per livestock unit (LU). Goats selected higher proportions of shrubs than the other herbivore species (P < 0.001). Overall, daily DMI was higher (P < 0.001) in equines (218 g/kg BW0.75) than in ruminants (174, 121 and 80 g/kg BW0.75 for cattle, goats and sheep, respectively), whereas DMD was lower (P < 0.001) in equines (569 g/kg DM) compared with ruminants (733–791 g/kg DM). During the first half of the grazing season (from late April to mid-July), dams’ BW changes per LU did not differ between species. However, during late summer–autumn lower (P < 0.001) BW losses per LU were observed in sheep and goats (–89 g/day) than in cattle (–534 g/day), being intermediate in horses (–254 g/day). For the overall grazing season, ewes and goats showed greater (P = 0.056) BW gains per LU (338 g/day) than cows and mares (178 g/day). Regarding the offspring, BW gains per LU were greater (P < 0.001) in lambs (3612 g/day) than in other species. Calves presented greater gains than kids (2647 vs 1909 g/day.LU), whereas foals showed intermediate gains (2385 g/day.LU). Therefore, under these conditions of partially improved heathlands, sheep was the most productive species. However, looking at the diet selection and digestibility, goats could complement sheep or cattle herds by achieving a more efficient utilisation of heathland vegetation, and increasing overall productivity per hectare. By contrast, horses, having high levels of grass intake, compete with cattle and sheep for pasture utilisation.

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The effect of a short extended grazing period in the spring and straw allocation on the milk yield and composition of autumn calving dairy cows

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200029215 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 2009 ◽

pp. 82-82

Author(s):

L A Sinclair ◽

C McAleer

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Production ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Early Spring ◽

Fibre Content ◽

Grazing Season ◽

Dietary Fibre Intake ◽

Grazing Period ◽

And Performance

Milk production from grass by autumn calving dairy cows can be increased through extending the grazing season in early spring, therefore reducing the reliance on more expensive conserved forage and concentrates (Peyraud et al., 2004). Turning cows out to pasture earlier in the spring has also been associated with an increase in milk and milk protein yield (Sayers and Mayne, 2001). In contrast, milk fat content may be decreased, possibly due to the lower fibre content of spring grass (Sayers and Mayne, 2001). The inclusion of chopped straw in the ration offers the potential of increasing dietary fibre intake and therefore maintaining milk fat levels (Ferris et al., 2000). The objectives of the current study were to determine the effect of extending the grazing season in spring and increasing the fibre content of the ration on the intake and performance of autumn calving dairy cows.

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Transmission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Analysis with the Siemens ELMISKOP 101

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100095509 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 30 ◽

pp. 450-451

Author(s):

H. M. Thieringer

Keyword(s):

Objective Lens ◽

Transmission Microscopy ◽

Image Recording ◽

Mode Of Operation ◽

Scanning Transmission ◽

Electron Microscopes ◽

And Performance ◽

Convergent Beam ◽

Ray Path ◽

Beam Diffraction

It has repeatedly been show that with conventional electron microscopes very fine electron probes can be produced, therefore allowing various micro-techniques such as micro recording, X-ray microanalysis and convergent beam diffraction. In this paper the function and performance of an SIEMENS ELMISKOP 101 used as a scanning transmission microscope (STEM) is described. This mode of operation has some advantages over the conventional transmission microscopy (CTEM) especially for the observation of thick specimen, in spite of somewhat longer image recording times.Fig.1 shows schematically the ray path and the additional electronics of an ELMISKOP 101 working as a STEM. With a point-cathode, and using condensor I and the objective lens as a demagnifying system, an electron probe with a half-width ob about 25 Å and a typical current of 5.10-11 amp at 100 kV can be obtained in the back focal plane of the objective lens.

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Angular Resolved Electron Spectroscopy with Parallel Recording

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100135459 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 370-371

Author(s):

Huang Min ◽

P.S. Flora ◽

C.J. Harland ◽

J.A. Venables

Keyword(s):

Electron Spectroscopy ◽

Low Voltage ◽

Solid Angle ◽

Detection System ◽

Voltage Electron ◽

Cylindrical Mirror ◽

Inner Radius ◽

Channel Plate ◽

And Performance ◽

Type Detector

A cylindrical mirror analyser (CMA) has been built with a parallel recording detection system. It is being used for angular resolved electron spectroscopy (ARES) within a SEM. The CMA has been optimised for imaging applications; the inner cylinder contains a magnetically focused and scanned, 30kV, SEM electron-optical column. The CMA has a large inner radius (50.8mm) and a large collection solid angle (Ω > 1sterad). An energy resolution (ΔE/E) of 1-2% has been achieved. The design and performance of the combination SEM/CMA instrument has been described previously and the CMA and detector system has been used for low voltage electron spectroscopy. Here we discuss the use of the CMA for ARES and present some preliminary results.The CMA has been designed for an axis-to-ring focus and uses an annular type detector. This detector consists of a channel-plate/YAG/mirror assembly which is optically coupled to either a photomultiplier for spectroscopy or a TV camera for parallel detection.

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Novel epoxy/anhydride alternatives for biological electron microscopy: Physical and performance characteristis of embed 812 and LX 112 in combination with NSA/NMA/DMAE

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100156985 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. 1000-1001

Author(s):

Joe A. Mascorro ◽

Gerald S. Kirby

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Succinic Anhydride ◽

Volume Flow Rate ◽

Mass Density ◽

Uranyl Acetate ◽

Volume Flow ◽

Base Resin ◽

And Performance ◽

Acid Anhydrides

Embedding media based upon an epoxy resin of choice and the acid anhydrides dodecenyl succinic anhydride (DDSA), nadic methyl anhydride (NMA), and catalyzed by the tertiary amine 2,4,6-Tri(dimethylaminomethyl) phenol (DMP-30) are widely used in biological electron microscopy. These media possess a viscosity character that can impair tissue infiltration, particularly if original Epon 812 is utilized as the base resin. Other resins that are considerably less viscous than Epon 812 now are available as replacements. Likewise, nonenyl succinic anhydride (NSA) and dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) are more fluid than their counterparts DDSA and DMP- 30 commonly used in earlier formulations. This work utilizes novel epoxy and anhydride combinations in order to produce embedding media with desirable flow rate and viscosity parameters that, in turn, would allow the medium to optimally infiltrate tissues. Specifically, embeding media based on EmBed 812 or LX 112 with NSA (in place of DDSA) and DMAE (replacing DMP-30), with NMA remaining constant, are formulated and offered as alternatives for routine biological work.Individual epoxy resins (Table I) or complete embedding media (Tables II-III) were tested for flow rate and viscosity. The novel media were further examined for their ability to infilftrate tissues, polymerize, sectioning and staining character, as well as strength and stability to the electron beam and column vacuum. For physical comparisons, a volume (9 ml) of either resin or media was aspirated into a capillary viscocimeter oriented vertically. The material was then allowed to flow out freely under the influence of gravity and the flow time necessary for the volume to exit was recored (Col B,C; Tables). In addition, the volume flow rate (ml flowing/second; Col D, Tables) was measured. Viscosity (n) could then be determined by using the Hagen-Poiseville relation for laminar flow, n = c.p/Q, where c = a geometric constant from an instrument calibration with water, p = mass density, and Q = volume flow rate. Mass weight and density of the materials were determined as well (Col F,G; Tables). Infiltration schedules utilized were short (1/2 hr 1:1, 3 hrs full resin), intermediate (1/2 hr 1:1, 6 hrs full resin) , or long (1/2 hr 1:1, 6 hrs full resin) in total time. Polymerization schedules ranging from 15 hrs (overnight) through 24, 36, or 48 hrs were tested. Sections demonstrating gold interference colors were collected on unsupported 200- 300 mesh grids and stained sequentially with uranyl acetate and lead citrate.

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Trace nanoanalysis

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100172437 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 52 ◽

pp. 940-941

Author(s):

D. E. Newbury ◽

R. D. Leapman

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽

Detection Efficiency ◽

Volume Element ◽

And Performance ◽

Trace Constituents ◽

Secondary Ion ◽

Concentration Levels ◽

Structure Properties

Trace constituents, which can be very loosely defined as those present at concentration levels below 1 percent, often exert influence on structure, properties, and performance far greater than what might be estimated from their proportion alone. Defining the role of trace constituents in the microstructure, or indeed even determining their location, makes great demands on the available array of microanalytical tools. These demands become increasingly more challenging as the dimensions of the volume element to be probed become smaller. For example, a cubic volume element of silicon with an edge dimension of 1 micrometer contains approximately 5×1010 atoms. High performance secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) can be used to measure trace constituents to levels of hundreds of parts per billion from such a volume element (e. g., detection of at least 100 atoms to give 10% reproducibility with an overall detection efficiency of 1%, considering ionization, transmission, and counting).

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