Cutaneous and subcutaneous fungal infections: recent developments on host–fungus interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 93-102
Author(s):  
Yubo Ma ◽  
Xiaowen Wang ◽  
Ruoyu Li
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Host Fungus

scholarly journals Prospects for the development of fungal vaccines.

1997 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
G S Deepe
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type ◽  
Medical Problems ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Ideal

In an era that emphasizes the term "cost-effective," vaccines are the ideal solution to preventing disease at a relatively low cost to society. Much of the previous emphasis has been on childhood scourges such as measles, mumps, rubella, poliomyelitis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b. The concept of vaccines for fungal diseases has had less impact because of the perceived limited problem. However, fungal diseases have become increasingly appreciated as serious medical problems that require recognition and aggressive management. The escalation in the incidence and prevalence of infection has prompted a renewed interest in vaccine development. Herein, I discuss the most recent developments in the search for vaccines to combat fungal infections. Investigators have discovered several inert substances from various fungi that can mediate protection in animal models. The next challenge will be to find the suitable mode of delivery for these immunogens.

scholarly journals Current Status of Nonculture Methods for Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Infections

2002 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siew Fah Yeo ◽  
Brian Wong
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Invasive Fungal Infections ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Course Of Disease ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Timely Fashion ◽  
Fungal Antigens

SUMMARY The incidence of invasive fungal infections has increased dramatically in recent decades, especially among immunocompromised patients. However, the diagnosis of these infections in a timely fashion is often very difficult. Conventional microbiologic and histopathologic approaches generally are neither sensitive nor specific, and they often do not detect invasive fungal infection until late in the course of disease. Since early diagnosis may guide appropriate treatment and prevent mortality, there has been considerable interest in developing nonculture approaches to diagnosing fungal infections. These approaches include detection of specific host immune responses to fungal antigens, detection of specific macromolecular antigens using immunologic reagents, amplification and detection of specific fungal nucleic acid sequences, and detection and quantitation of specific fungal metabolite products. This work reviews the current status and recent developments as well as problems in the design of nonculture diagnostic methods for invasive fungal infections.

scholarly journals Marine-Derived Compounds and Prospects for Their Antifungal Application

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (24) ◽  
pp. 5856
Author(s):  
Joana Cardoso ◽  
Darlan Gonçalves Nakayama ◽  
Emília Sousa ◽  
Eugénia Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Antifungal Compounds ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Marine Products ◽  
New Strategies

The introduction of antifungals in clinical practice has an enormous impact on the provision of medical care, increasing the expectancy and quality of life mainly of immunocompromised patients. However, the emergence of pathogenic fungi that are resistant and multi-resistant to the existing antifungal therapy has culminated in fungal infections that are almost impossible to treat. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover new strategies. The marine environment has proven to be a promising rich resource for the discovery and development of new antifungal compounds. Thus, this review summarizes more than one hundred marine natural products, or their derivatives, which are categorized according to their sources—sponges, bacteria, fungi, and sea cucumbers—as potential candidates as antifungal agents. In addition, this review focus on recent developments using marine antifungal compounds as new and effective approaches for the treatment of infections caused by resistant and multi-resistant pathogenic fungi and/or biofilm formation; other perspectives on antifungal marine products highlight new mechanisms of action, the combination of antifungal and non-antifungal agents, and the use of nanoparticles and anti-virulence therapy.

scholarly journals Infections in Patients with Hematological Cancer: Recent Developments

Hematology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 (1) ◽  
pp. 438-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan N. O’Brien ◽  
Nicole M.A. Blijlevens ◽  
Tahsine H. Mahfouz ◽  
Elias J. Anaissie
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Bone Marrow Involvement ◽  
Mucosal Damage ◽  
Invasive Fungal Infections ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Hematologic Cancer ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Pathological Model

Abstract One of the most common complications involved in treating patients with hematologic cancer is infection. In many cases there are multiple factors that predispose these patients to infections such as neutropenia induced by therapy or bone marrow involvement, hypogammaglobulinemia, T-cell dysfunction, and mucosal damage. In addition, newer therapies have changed the spectrum of infection that is seen in these patients. In Section I, Dr. Blijlevens discusses mucosal damage as a major risk factor for complications of cytotoxic chemotherapy. She focuses on mucosal barrier injury (MBI) as manifest in the GI tract and will describe a pathological model to explain MBI, evaluate risk factors for development of this syndrome, explain the relationship between MBI and infection, and discuss treatment and prevention of this injury. Invasive fungal infections continue to represent a significant problem in patients with hematologic cancer. In Section II, Drs. Anaissie and Mahfouz review the latest developments in the diagnosis, prevention, and management of invasive fungal infections with a focus on a risk-adjusted approach to this problem. Finally, in Section III, Dr. O’Brien reviews infections associated with newer therapeutic regimens in hematologic cancers. The spectrum of infections has changed with the use of purine analogs and the advent of monoclonal antibodies. The profound T-cell suppression associated with these therapies has led to the emergence of previously rare infections such as cytomegalovirus. An approach to both prophylaxis and management of these infections is discussed.

scholarly journals Drug-Drug Interaction Associated with Mold-Active Triazoles among Hospitalized Patients

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 3398-3406 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Andes ◽  
Nkechi Azie ◽  
Hongbo Yang ◽  
Rachel Harrington ◽  
Caroline Kelley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Drug Information ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
First Line ◽  
Antifungal Stewardship ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Moderate Interaction

The majority of hospitalized patients receiving mold-active triazoles are at risk of drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Efforts are needed to increase awareness of DDIs that pose a serious risk of adverse events. Triazoles remain the most commonly utilized antifungals. Recent developments have included the mold-active triazoles (MATs) itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole, which are first-line agents for the treatment of filamentous fungal infections but have the potential for DDIs. This objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of triazole DDIs. Hospitalized U.S. adults with MAT use were identified in the Cerner HealthFacts database, which contained data from over 150 hospitals (2005 to 2013). The severities of DDIs with MATs were categorized, using drug labels and the drug information from the Drugdex system (Thompson Micromedex), into four groups (contraindicated, major, moderate, and minor severity). DDIs of minor severity were not counted. A DDI event was considered to have occurred if the following two conditions were met: (i) the patient used at least one drug with a classification of at least a moderate interaction with the MAT during the hospitalization and (ii) there was a period of overlap between the administration of the MAT and that of the interacting drug of at least 1 day. A total of 6,962 hospitalizations with MAT use were identified. Among them, 88% of hospitalizations with voriconazole use, 86% of hospitalizations with itraconazole use, and 93% of hospitalizations with posaconazole use included the use of a concomitant interacting drug. A total of 68% of hospitalizations with posaconazole use, 34% of hospitalizations with itraconazole use, and 20% of hospitalizations with voriconazole use included the use of at least one drug with a DDI of contraindicated severity. A total of 83% of hospitalizations with posaconazole use, 61% of hospitalizations with itraconazole use, and 82% of hospitalizations with voriconazole use included the use of at least one drug that resulted in a severe DDI. The findings of this study demonstrate that a majority of hospitalized patients receiving MAT are at risk for severe drug-drug interactions and highlight the need for antifungal stewardship.

scholarly journals Virulence-Associated Enzymes of Cryptococcus neoformans

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 1173-1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fausto Almeida ◽  
Julie M. Wolf ◽  
Arturo Casadevall
Keyword(s):  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Enzyme Expression ◽  
Fungal Enzymes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Diagnostic Strategies ◽  
Recent Developments

ABSTRACTEnzymes play key roles in fungal pathogenesis. Manipulation of enzyme expression or activity can significantly alter the infection process, and enzyme expression profiles can be a hallmark of disease. Hence, enzymes are worthy targets for better understanding pathogenesis and identifying new options for combatting fungal infections. Advances in genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, and mass spectrometry have enabled the identification and characterization of new fungal enzymes. This review focuses on recent developments in the virulence-associated enzymes fromCryptococcus neoformans. The enzymatic suite ofC. neoformanshas evolved for environmental survival, but several of these enzymes play a dual role in colonizing the mammalian host. We also discuss new therapeutic and diagnostic strategies that could be based on the underlying enzymology.

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