Frontoparietal microstructural damage mediates age-dependent working memory decline in face and body information processing: Evidence for dichotomic hemispheric bias mechanisms

AbstractObjective:Neuropsychological deficits are of major importance in ADHD, yet no previous studies have assessed clinically referred samples of older adults. The authors compared older adults with ADHD (60–75 years) with both younger adults with ADHD (18–45 years) and older healthy controls with regard to various neuropsychological deficits.Methods:Well-established tests were used to investigate working memory, inhibition, switching, planning, fluency, and speed of processing. Self-ratings of executive functioning and delay-related behaviors were also included. Both variable-oriented and person-oriented analyses were conducted.Results:Older adults with ADHD differed from controls with regard to working memory, inhibition, switching, and delay-related behaviors. In comparison to younger adults with ADHD, they performed at a similar level with regard to working memory and planning, but significantly better with regard to inhibition, switching, fluency, speed of processing, and delay aversion. Despite several significant group differences relative to controls, person-oriented analyses demonstrated that a majority of older adults with ADHD performed within the average range on each test and 20% showed no clear deficit within any neuropsychological domain.Conclusions:The results are in line with models of heterogeneity that have identified different neuropsychological subtypes in ADHD as well as a subgroup of patients without any clear neuropsychological deficits. For older adults with ADHD, it will be important to assess their functioning across time as normal aging is related to memory decline and these patients could therefore end up with severe deficits as they grow older, which in turn could have serious negative effects on daily life functioning.

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Different trait markers for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a neurocognitive approach

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291701004068 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 31 (5) ◽

pp. 915-922 ◽

Cited By ~ 146

Author(s):

S. KÉRI ◽

O. KELEMEN ◽

G. BENEDEK ◽

Z. JANKA

Keyword(s):

Bipolar Disorder ◽

Working Memory ◽

Information Processing ◽

Cognitive Functions ◽

Visual Information ◽

Spatial Information ◽

Target Location ◽

Memory Task ◽

Visual Information Processing ◽

Verbal Recall

Background. The aim of this study was to assess visual information processing and cognitive functions in unaffected siblings of patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and control subjects with a negative family history.Methods. The siblings of patients with schizophrenia (N = 25), bipolar disorder (N = 20) and the controls subjects (N = 20) were matched for age, education, IQ, and psychosocial functioning, as indexed by the Global Assessment of Functioning scale. Visual information processing was measured using two visual backward masking (VBM) tests (target location and target identification). The evaluation of higher cognitive functions included spatial and verbal working memory, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, letter fluency, short/long delay verbal recall and recognition.Results. The relatives of schizophrenia patients were impaired in the VBM procedure, more pronouncedly at short interstimulus intervals (14, 28, 42 ms) and in the target location task. Marked dysfunctions were also found in the spatial working memory task and in the long delay verbal recall test. In contrast, the siblings of patients with bipolar disorder exhibited spared performances with the exception of a deficit in the long delay recall task.Conclusions. Dysfunctions of sensory-perceptual analysis (VBM) and working memory for spatial information distinguished the siblings of schizophrenia patients from the siblings of individuals with bipolar disorder. Verbal recall deficit was present in both groups, suggesting a common impairment of the fronto-hippocampal system.

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Mapping the neuroanatomic substrates of cognition in familial attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291718001241 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 49 (4) ◽

pp. 590-597 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rachel Muster ◽

Saadia Choudhury ◽

Wendy Sharp ◽

Steven Kasparek ◽

Gustavo Sudre ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Working Memory ◽

Information Processing ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Cognitive Abilities ◽

Cognitive Skills ◽

Spatial Working Memory ◽

Medication History ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Psychostimulant Medication

AbstractBackgroundWhile the neuroanatomic substrates of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been investigated, less is known about the neuroanatomic correlates of cognitive abilities pertinent to the disorder, particularly in adults. Here we define the neuroanatomic correlates of key cognitive abilities and determine if there are associations with histories of psychostimulant medication.MethodsWe acquired neuroanatomic magnetic resonance imaging data from 264 members of 60 families (mean age 29.5; s.d. 18.4, 116 with ADHD). Using linear mixed model regression, we tested for associations between cognitive abilities (working memory, information processing, intelligence, and attention), symptoms and both cortical and subcortical volumes.ResultsSymptom severity was associated with spatial working memory (t = −3.77, p = 0.0002), processing speed (t = −2.95, p = 0.004) and a measure of impulsive responding (t = 2.19, p = 0.03); these associations did not vary with age (all p > 0.1). Neuroanatomic associations of cognition varied by task but centered on prefrontal, lateral parietal and temporal cortical regions, the thalamus and putamen. The neuroanatomic correlates of ADHD symptoms overlapped significantly with those of working memory (Dice's overlap coefficient: spatial, p = 0.003; verbal, p = 0.001) and information processing (p = 0.02). Psychostimulant medication history was associated with neither cognitive skills nor with a brain–cognition relationships.ConclusionsDiagnostic differences in the cognitive profile of ADHD does not vary significantly with age; nor were cognitive differences associated with psychostimulant medication history. The neuroanatomic substrates of working memory and information overlapped with those for symptoms within these extended families, consistent with a pathophysiological role for these cognitive skills in familial ADHD.

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Emergence of Content-Agnostic Information Processing by a Robot Using Active Inference, Visual Attention, Working Memory, and Planning

Neural Computation ◽

10.1162/neco_a_01412 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-55

Author(s):

Jeffrey Frederic Queisser ◽

Minju Jung ◽

Takazumi Matsumoto ◽

Jun Tani

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Information Processing ◽

Visual Attention ◽

Visual Information ◽

Current Model ◽

Large Network ◽

Active Inference ◽

Goal State ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Simulation Results

Abstract Generalization by learning is an essential cognitive competency for humans. For example, we can manipulate even unfamiliar objects and can generate mental images before enacting a preplan. How is this possible? Our study investigated this problem by revisiting our previous study (Jung, Matsumoto, & Tani, 2019), which examined the problem of vision-based, goal-directed planning by robots performing a task of block stacking. By extending the previous study, our work introduces a large network comprising dynamically interacting submodules, including visual working memory (VWMs), a visual attention module, and an executive network. The executive network predicts motor signals, visual images, and various controls for attention, as well as masking of visual information. The most significant difference from the previous study is that our current model contains an additional VWM. The entire network is trained by using predictive coding and an optimal visuomotor plan to achieve a given goal state is inferred using active inference. Results indicate that our current model performs significantly better than that used in Jung et al. (2019), especially when manipulating blocks with unlearned colors and textures. Simulation results revealed that the observed generalization was achieved because content-agnostic information processing developed through synergistic interaction between the second VWM and other modules during the course of learning, in which memorizing image contents and transforming them are dissociated. This letter verifies this claim by conducting both qualitative and quantitative analysis of simulation results.

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Entrainment of Astrocytic and Neuronal Ca2+ Population Dynamics During Information Processing of Working Memory in Mice

Neuroscience Bulletin ◽

10.1007/s12264-021-00782-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zhu Lin ◽

Feng You ◽

Ting Li ◽

Yijia Feng ◽

Xinyue Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Population Dynamics ◽

Information Processing

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Evaluating the relationship between working memory and information processing speed in multiple sclerosis

Applied Neuropsychology Adult ◽

10.1080/23279095.2020.1804911 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Zoe Kouvatsou ◽

Elvira Masoura ◽

Grigoris Kiosseoglou ◽

Vasilios K. Kimiskidis

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Working Memory ◽

Information Processing ◽

Processing Speed ◽

Information Processing Speed ◽

The Relationship

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Dual Role of an mps-2/KCNE-Dependent Pathway in Long-Term Memory and Age-Dependent Memory Decline

Current Biology ◽

10.1016/j.cub.2020.10.069 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Bank G. Fenyves ◽

Andreas Arnold ◽

Vaibhav G. Gharat ◽

Carmen Haab ◽

Kiril Tishinov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dual Role ◽

Long Term Memory ◽

Memory Decline ◽

Term Memory ◽

Age Dependent ◽

Dependent Pathway

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ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN CHINA

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igz038.742 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S205-S205

Author(s):

Bada Kang ◽

Hanzhang Xu ◽

Eleanor S McConnell ◽

Bei Wu

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Cognitive Decline ◽

Verbal Fluency ◽

Digit Span ◽

World Health ◽

Subjective Cognitive Decline ◽

Related Factors ◽

Memory Decline ◽

Subjective Cognitive Function

Abstract Although subjective cognitive decline is considered as a potential symptomatic indicator of cognitive decline, little is known regarding the relationships in older adults in China. Using the World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Wave 1 data, we examined the association between subjective cognitive function, perceived memory decline, and objective cognitive function among adults aged 50 or older (N=13,367) in China. Objective cognitive function was measured by immediate and delayed recall test, digit span test, and verbal fluency test. Multivariate linear regression models were used to account for sociodemographic, psychosocial, and health-related factors. We found worse subjective cognitive function was associated with poorer working memory and verbal fluency. Greater perceived memory decline was also associated with poorer working memory but not with verbal fluency. Psychosocial factors including social cohesion and social support attenuated the relationships between subjective cognitive function, perceived memory decline, and objective cognitive performance.

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