scholarly journals The brain metabolic enhancer methylene blue improves discrimination learning in rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 712-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn M. Wrubel ◽  
Penny D. Riha ◽  
Monica A. Maldonado ◽  
David McCollum ◽  
F. Gonzalez-Lima
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Discrimination Learning ◽  
The Brain

Hippocampal-prefrontal theta coupling develops as mice become proficient in associative odorant discrimination learning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Ramirez-Gordillo ◽  
Andrew A. Parra ◽  
K. Ulrich Bayer ◽  
Diego Restrepo
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Discrimination Learning ◽  
Gamma Oscillations ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Dependent Protein Kinase ◽  
Dependent Protein ◽  
Theta Phase ◽  
Phase Amplitude ◽  
The Brain

Learning and memory requires coordinated activity between different regions of the brain. Here we studied the interaction between medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampal dorsal CA1 during associative odorant discrimination learning in the mouse. We found that as the animal learns to discriminate odorants in a go-no go task the coupling of high frequency neural oscillations to the phase of theta oscillations (phase-amplitude coupling or PAC) changes in a manner that results in divergence between rewarded and unrewarded odorant-elicited changes in the theta-phase referenced power (tPRP) for beta and gamma oscillations. In addition, in the proficient animal there was a decrease in the coordinated oscillatory activity between CA1 and mPFC in the presence of the unrewarded odorant. Furthermore, the changes in PAC resulted in a marked increase in the accuracy for decoding odorant identity from tPRP when the animal became proficient. Finally, we studied the role of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II α (CaMKIIα), a protein involved in learning and memory, in oscillatory neural processing in this task. We find that the accuracy for decoding the odorant identity from tPRP decreases in CaMKIIα knockout mice and that this accuracy correlates with behavioral performance. These results implicate a role for PAC and CaMKIIα in olfactory go-no go associative learning in the hippocampal-prefrontal circuit.

scholarly journals Charge Density Studies on Anti-Alzheimer Agents

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (a1) ◽  
pp. C969-C969
Author(s):  
Peter Luger ◽  
Stefan Mebs ◽  
Manuela Weber ◽  
Birger Dittrich
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Charge Density ◽  
Tau Protein ◽  
Positive Charge ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Electronic Interactions ◽  
Hirshfeld Surfaces ◽  
Spherical Structures ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Positively Charged

The average age of people is increasing continuously thanks to the progress in the medicinal sciences and further social advances. As a consequence, however, diseases which affect people more likely at a higher age also increase. In this course Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related brain disorders distribute rapidly and have to be taken more serious. One of the most frequently applied drugs against AD is donepezil®. Its function is a reversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), thereby reducing the deficit of acetylcholine associated with the occurrence of AD. As one result from the charge density (CD) of the small-molecule structure containing the donepezilium cation comparable electronic interactions were identified as in the macromolecular TcAChE-donepezil complex which were made visible by electrostatic potential and Hirshfeld surfaces.[1] Two newer developments of Alzheimer agents are bexarotene and methylene blue. For the first one a therapeutic effect on AD in a mouse model was recently reported. From a comparative CD study on bexarotene and its disila analogue differences in the electrostatic potentials were identified, while the spherical structures showed no significant differences. The second one, methylene blue, targets the abnormal tangle type tau protein aggregation inside the nerve cells in the brain and stops its spread. The molecule is positively charged with various counterions. From the CD an answer to the not yet understood question is expected whether the formal positive charge is localized or delocalized.

scholarly journals Enhancement of rat brain tryptophan metabolism by chronic ethanol administration and possible involvement of decreased liver tryptophan pyrrolase activity

1979 ◽  
Vol 178 (3) ◽  
pp. 575-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
A A Badawy ◽  
N F Punjani ◽  
M Evans
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Chronic Ethanol ◽  
Tryptophan Metabolism ◽  
Ethanol Administration ◽  
Chronic Ethanol Administration ◽  
Tryptophan Pyrrolase ◽  
Tryptophan Concentration ◽  
Phenazine Methosulphate ◽  
The Brain

1. Chronic ethanol administration enhances rat brain 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis by increasing the availability of circulating tryptophan to the brain. This increased availability is not insulin-mediated or lipolysis-dependent. 2. Under these conditions, tryptophan accumulates in the liver and apo-(tryptophan pyrrolase) activity is completely abolished, but could be restored by administration of regenerators of liver NAD+ and/or NADP+. 3. All four regenerators used (fructose, Methylene Blue, phenazine methosulphate and sodium pyruvate) prevented the ethanol-induced increase in liver tryptophan concentration and the increased availability of tryptophan to the brain. 4. It is suggested that the enhancement of brain tryptophan metabolism by chronic ethanol administration is caused by the decreased hepatic tryptophan pyrrolase activity. The results are briefly discussed in relation to previous work with ethanol. 5. Fructose enhances the conversion of tryptophan into 5-hydroxyindol-3-ylacetic acid in brains of ethanol-treated rats, whereas Methylene Blue inhibits this conversion in both control and ethanol-treated animals.

scholarly journals HEME OXYGENASE-2 NEURONS BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD OF HUMAN

2012 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 36-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Chertok ◽  
A. E. Kotsyuba ◽  
E. P. Kotsyuba
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Heme Oxygenase ◽  
Enzyme Reaction ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Number Of Cells

Immune localization of heme oxygenase-2 in neurons of some nuclei of the spinal cord and brain stem in 6 men 18–44 years old who died from causes unrelated to injury of central nervous system was studied. Neurons with positive reaction are determined for all studied regions of the brain where their contents in various nuclei ranging from 0,5 to 16% of the total number of cells detected by methylene blue. In all the sensory nuclei there is a high proportion of small neurons with a high or moderate density of reaction produc deposits. Large cells of motor nuclei often exhibit negative or low intensive enzyme reaction. 

Effect of Methylene Blue on the R.Q. of the Brain in Situ

1933 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 907-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Himwich ◽  
N. Rakieten ◽  
L. H. Nahum ◽  
D. Du Bois ◽  
R. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals NO-dependent mechanism of vasodilation in pial arteries of nefrectomizedrats

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 96-101
Author(s):  
I. B. Sokolova ◽  
G. T. Ivanova ◽  
G. I. Lobov
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Sodium Nitroprusside ◽  
Vascular Tone ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pial Arteries ◽  
Signal Cascade ◽  
Wistar Kyoto ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Dependent Mechanism

THE AIM: to study changes in the NO-mediated dilatation mechanism in the pial arteries of the brain of nephrectomized rats.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on Wistar-Kyoto rats. At 4 months of age, a two-stage nephrectomy was performed. After 3 months, the reaction of the arteries of the pial membrane of the brain to agonists and antagonists was investigated by in vivo microscopy (the diameter of the arteries was measured against the action of acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside and methylene blue). Besides, the perfusion of the brain tissue was measured for subsequent calculations of the values of the components of the vascular tone.RESULTS: It was shown that the application of acetylcholine to the pial membrane led to a change in the diameter of the arteries. In nephrectomized rats under the action of acetylcholine, a significantly larger number of arteries in the constriction state was registered compared to the control group. The effect of sodium nitroprusside in the control group was accompanied by a dilatation of 100 % of the pial arteries; in the nephrectomized rat group, dilatation was detected in 83.2 ± 4.7 % of the arteries. When methylene blue was used in a group of nephrectomized rats, a smaller number of arteries in the constriction state was detected as compared to the control group.CONCLUSION: In nephrectomized rats, pronounced disorders of the NO-mediated mechanism of the pial arteries of the brain were found, leading to an increase in the endothelial component of the vascular tone. The endothelium of the pial arteries of nephrectomized rats produces less NO both spontaneously and when stimulated with acetylcholine. In nephrectomized rats, abnormalities in the signal cascade of NO →sGC → cGMP in the smooth muscle cells of the pial arteries were revealed, which is confirmed by their lesser ability to dilate to the use of exogenous NO.

scholarly journals The Potentials of Methylene Blue as an Anti-Aging Drug

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 3379
Author(s):  
Huijing Xue ◽  
Abhirami Thaivalappil ◽  
Kan Cao
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Skin Aging ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Premature Aging ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Different Tissues

Methylene blue (MB), as the first fully man-made medicine, has a wide range of clinical applications. Apart from its well-known applications in surgical staining, malaria, and methemoglobinemia, the anti-oxidative properties of MB recently brought new attention to this century-old drug. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been observed in systematic aging that affects many different tissues, including the brain and skin. This leads to increaseding oxidative stress and results in downstream phenotypes under age-related conditions. MB can bypass Complex I/III activity in mitochondria and diminish oxidative stress to some degree. This review summarizes the recent studies on the applications of MB in treating age-related conditions, including neurodegeneration, memory loss, skin aging, and a premature aging disease, progeria.

A chaetotaxy for cephalic sensilla in larval Simuliidae (Diptera)

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 344-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas A Craig
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Antennal Sensilla ◽  
Histological Sections ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Innervation Patterns ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Whole Mounts

To develop a chaetotaxy for heads of larval Simuliidae (Diptera: Culicomorpha), position of head sensilla relative to other structures, plus sensillar innervation, were used to establish homologies with head sensilla of larval mosquitoes (Culicidae). Cleared whole mounts of first- and later-instar larval simuliids were examined using light microscopy. Histological sections were used to determine innervation, as was in vivo methylene blue staining. First-instar larval simuliids have 18 primary sensillar pairs that allow homologies with sensilla of later-instar larval culicids to be established. These homologies can be tracked in later-instar larval simuliids even though numerous secondary sensilla are present and positions of primary sensilla change. Homologies could not be determined for antennal sensilla of larval simuliids. Innervation of cephalic sensilla from the brain is in agreement with embryological origin of the various head regions. Innervation patterns of cephalic sensilla appear conserved in culicomorphs and it is proposed that, when possible, sensillar innervation be used to establish chaetotaxies.

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