Microhair on the adaxial leaf surface of salt secreting halophytic Oryza coarctata Roxb. show distinct morphotypes: Isolation for molecular and functional analysis

Laboratory experiments were conducted to identify adjuvants that improve absorption of imazethapyr, 2,4-D amine, and picloram by leafy spurge. Adjuvants (0.25% v/v) included crop oil concentrate (COC), methylated seed oil (MSO), nonionic surfactant (NIS), organosilicones (Silwet L-77®, Sylgard® 309, Silwet® 408), 3:1 mixtures of acetylinic diol ethoxylates (ADE40, ADE65, ADE85) with Silwet L-77, ammonium sulfate (2.5 kg ha−1), and 28% urea ammonium nitrate (UAN, 2.5% v/v). Adjuvants were combined with14C-herbicide and commercially formulated herbicide product. Leaves were harvested 2 DAT, rinsed with 10% aqueous methanol to remove surface deposits of herbicide, and dipped in 9:1 hexane:acetone to solubilize cuticular waxes. Imazethapyr absorption increased by 38 to 68% when UAN was combined with COC, NIS, or MSO. Total absorption of imazethapyr plus COC, MSO, or NIS exceeded 86% 2 DAT when UAN was added. Urea ammonium nitrate reduced the amount of imazethapyr associated with the cuticular wax by 2.0%. Imazethapyr absorption was similar on both the abaxial and adaxial leaf surface when UAN was not added; however, 12% more imazethapyr was absorbed from the abaxial leaf surface than from the adaxial leaf surface when UAN was combined with Sylgard 309. Uptake of 2,4-D ranged from 54 to 78% and was greatest with Silwet 408 and 3:1 mixture of ADE40: Silwet L-77. Picloram absorption ranged from 3 to 19%. Buffering picloram treatment solutions to pH 7 and including 2.5 kg ha-1ammonium sulfate increased picloram absorption to 37%.

Download Full-text

Contributions to the Andean Senecioneae (Compositae)—II. Werneria lanatifolia, a new species from central Andes

Phytotaxa ◽

10.11646/phytotaxa.422.2.7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 422 (2) ◽

pp. 201-205 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

JOEL CALVO ◽

ROSA I. MENESES

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Leaf Surface ◽

Central Andes ◽

Distribution Map ◽

Adaxial Leaf Surface ◽

Dichotomous Key ◽

A New Species

Werneria lanatifolia is described as a new species from the central Andes. It is a minute plant characterized by a lanate indumentum on the adaxial leaf surface and involucre. The new species is compared with the morphologically closest taxa and useful characters for its proper identification are provided. Detailed pictures of living plants, a distribution map, and a dichotomous key including the species allied to W. lanatifolia are also presented.

Download Full-text

842 PB 482 INFLUENCE OF STOMATA AND TRANSPIRATION ON ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS L. POSTHARVEST LONGEVITY

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.29.5.554a ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 554a-554

Author(s):

Susan M. Stieve ◽

Dennis P. Stimart

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Statistical Analysis ◽

Transpiration Rate ◽

Leaf Surface ◽

Antirrhinum Majus ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Stomatal Size ◽

Adaxial Leaf Surface ◽

Postharvest Longevity ◽

Leaf Impressions

Eighteen commercially used white Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon) inbreds, a hybrid of Inbred 1 × Inbred 18 (Hybrid 1) and an F2 population (F2) of Hybrid 1 were evaluated for stomatal size and density and transpiration rate to determine their affect on postharvest longevity. Stems of each genotype were cut to 40 cm, placed in distilled water and discarded when 50% of florets wilted or browned. Postharvest longevity of inbreds ranged from 3.7 to 12.9 days; Hybrid 1 and the F2 averaged 3.0 and 9.1 days postharvest, respectively. Leaf impressions showed less than 3% of stomata were found on the adaxial leaf surface. Inbred abaxial stomatal densities ranged from 128.2 to 300.7 stomata mm-2; Hybrid 1 and the F2 averaged 155 and 197 stomata mm-2, respectively. Transpiration measurments on leaves of stems 24 hr after cutting were made with a LI-COR 1600 Steady State Porometer. Statistical analysis showed inbreds were significantly different based on postharvest longevity, stomatal size and density and transpiration of cut stems.

Download Full-text

Interaction of Surfactant and Leaf Surface in Glyphosate Absorption

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500057635 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 87-93 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Moritz Knoche ◽

Martin J. Bukovac

Keyword(s):

Fine Structure ◽

Chain Length ◽

Homologous Series ◽

Nonionic Surfactants ◽

Leaf Surface ◽

Droplet Evaporation ◽

Foliar Uptake ◽

Adaxial Surface ◽

Adaxial Leaf Surface ◽

Leaf Surfaces

The effect of oxyethylene (OE) chain length of three homologous series of nonionic surfactants (allinol, nonoxynol, octoxynol) on glyphosate uptake was markedly affected by the leaf surface fine-structure of sugarbeet and kohlrabi. Adaxial leaf surfaces of sugarbeet were covered with a layer of amorphous wax, whereas the adaxial surface of kohlrabi leaves was covered with fine crystalline wax. Foliar uptake of glyphosate (1 mM glyphosate, 20 mM glycine, pH 3.2) averaged 4% for sugarbeet without surfactant, but droplets were not retained by kohlrabi leaves in the absence of a surfactant. Glyphosate absorption with octoxynol (9 to 10 OE units, 0.5 g L−1) was rapid initially (0 to 2 h) and leveled off about 2 h after application in both species. Absorption by sugarbeet decreased from 12 to 3% as OE content of octoxynol was increased from 5 to 30 OE units. In contrast, surfactants of intermediate OE content (octoxynol, 16 OE units) induced the greatest uptake (17%) on kohlrabi. Leaf wetting was markedly affected by surfactant and leaf surface. As OE content of octoxynol increased from 5 to 30 OE units, droplet/leaf interface areas of 1-μl droplets decreased from 4 to 3 mm2 on the adaxial leaf surface of sugarbeet and from 61 to 2 mm2 on kohlrabi. Concurrently, the rate of droplet evaporation (1 μl) decreased from 1.0 to 0.7 nl s−1 on sugarbeet and 4.2 to 0.5 nl s−1 on kohlrabi leaves. The effect of OE content on enhancement of glyphosate uptake and wetting characteristics of spray solutions was similar within species for different hydrophobic moieties but differed markedly between species.

Download Full-text

Ingestion of Novaluron Elicits Transovarial Activity in Stephanitis pyrioides (Hemiptera: Tingidae)

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects11040216 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 216 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Shimat V. Joseph

Keyword(s):

Leaf Surface ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Insect Pest ◽

Ornamental Plants ◽

Insect Growth Regulator ◽

Adaxial Surface ◽

Nontarget Effects ◽

Adaxial Leaf Surface ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Usa

Azaleas (Rhododendron L. spp.) are widely grown ornamental plants in eastern and western regions of the USA. The azalea lace bug, Stephanitis pyrioides (Scott) (Hemiptera: Tingidae), is an important insect pest of azaleas. Adults and nymphs of S. pyrioides consume chlorophyll in azalea foliage, and severely affected plants appear bleached. Neonicotinoid insecticides are effective and widely used for S. pyrioides control; however, nursery growers and landscape professionals are concerned about nontarget effects on beneficial insects and demand neonicotinoid-free plants. There is clearly a need to develop reduced-risk control strategies for S. pyrioides. The insect growth regulator (IGR) novaluron elicits transovarial activity when adult S. pyrioides are exposed to it. However, it is not certain whether transovarial effects can be observed when S. pyrioides adults that colonize the abaxial leaf surface ingest novaluron residues deposited on the adaxial leaf surface. Experiments were conducted to assess transovarial activity upon exposure to various application rates of novaluron alone and novaluron with various adjuvants. The numbers of nymphs were significantly lower when the full rate of novaluron was applied on the adaxial surface of leaves compared to the number of nymphs on non-treated leaves. The densities of nymphs were not significantly different between the half and full rates of novaluron treatment. When novaluron with various adjuvants was applied to the adaxial surface of the leaves, the densities of nymphs were significantly lower under the novaluron treatments compared to the non-treated leaves, regardless of the type of adjuvant added. There was no significant difference between treatment with novaluron alone and the treatments of novaluron with adjuvants. These data show that transovarial activity was elicited in adults of S. pyrioides when novaluron was applied on the adaxial leaf surface.

Download Full-text

Miconia paralimoides (Miconieae: Melastomataceae), a new species from the Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic

Phytotaxa ◽

10.11646/phytotaxa.131.1.2 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 131 (1) ◽

pp. 9 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Lucas Charles Majure

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Dominican Republic ◽

Species Complex ◽

Leaf Surface ◽

Taxonomic Revision ◽

Undescribed Species ◽

Distribution Map ◽

Cordillera Central ◽

Adaxial Leaf Surface ◽

A New Species

In the course of a taxonomic revision of Miconia sect. Lima, we discovered a previously undescribed species, Miconia paralimoides, from the Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic. This species is part of the Miconia lima species complex, and is most similar morphologically to Miconia limoides. We illustrate and provide a distribution map of the species, as well as a key to distinguish M. paralimoides from other members of the Miconia lima complex, i.e., species with very well-developed, bulla-based hairs on the adaxial leaf surface, which mostly or completely cover the areoles.

Download Full-text

A new and unusual amphistomatic species of Tibouchina (Melastomeae, Melastomataceae) from Brazil

Phytotaxa ◽

10.11646/phytotaxa.246.2.6 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 246 (2) ◽

pp. 145 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Paulo José Fernandes Guimarães ◽

ELIZABETH M. WOODGYER

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Leaf Surface ◽

The State ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

Adaxial Leaf Surface ◽

First Time ◽

A New Species

Tibouchina rosanae, a new species of Melastomataceae (Melastomeae) from the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, is described, illustrated and compared to its putative closest allied. It is characterized mainly by the inflorescence that is lax. Tibouchina rosanae is an amphistomatic species, and the presence of stomata on the adaxial leaf surface is reported here for the first time in the genus.

Download Full-text

Screening Buddleia Cultivars for Acute Ozone Sensitivity

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-15.3.142 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 142-145

Author(s):

Douglas A. Findley ◽

Gary J. Keever ◽

Arthur H. Chappelka ◽

Charles H. Gilliam ◽

D. Joseph Eakes

Keyword(s):

Leaf Surface ◽

Severity Index ◽

Severe Injury ◽

Foliar Injury ◽

Visible Injury ◽

Exposure Response ◽

Ozone Sensitivity ◽

Adaxial Leaf Surface

Abstract Eight cultivars of buddleia were exposed to ozone (O3) concentrations up to 375 ppb for two 4-hour periods on consecutive days in 1995. Visible injury to all cultivars consisted of small, discrete spots, reddish purple in color, on the adaxial leaf surface. Cultivars differed in sensitivity to acute O3 exposure with ‘Empire Blue’ and ‘Opera’ being the most tolerant and ‘Black Knight’, ‘Nanho Blue’, ‘Pink Delight’, and ‘Royal Red’ the most sensitive. Severe injury occurred on the most sensitive cultivars with O3 exposures of 250 or 375 ppb. At the highest O3 concentration, the severity index (SI), an indicator of foliar injury, ranged from 1.3 (less injury) for ‘Opera’ to 4.6 (more injury) for ‘Pink Delight’. An exposure-response study with ‘Black Knight’ resulted in visible injury increasing as both concentration and number of exposures increased, with the most severe injury to plants given the most exposures (5 days) to the highest concentration (375 ppb, SI of 6.3).

Download Full-text

Mode of Action of Benzyladenine When Used as a Chemical Thinner on Apples

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.117.5.775 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 117 (5) ◽

pp. 775-779 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Duane W. Greene ◽

Wesley R. Autio ◽

Jeffrey A. Erf ◽

Zhongyuan Y. Mao

Keyword(s):

Malus Domestica ◽

Ethylene Production ◽

Mode Of Action ◽

Leaf Surface ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Fruit Characteristics ◽

Crop Load ◽

Fruit Flesh ◽

Adaxial Leaf Surface

BA thinned apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruits when applied to either the leaves or the fruit, although it was much more effective when applied to the leaves. BA increased fruit size independent of its effects on reducing crop load, but only when applied directly to the fruit. When applied to one of two fruit in a cluster, BA had no influence on abscission, fruit size, or fruit characteristics of the adjacent nontreated fruit. BA reduced fruit flesh Ca only on treated fruit and the response was inversely proportional to the increase in fruit size. More than 60% of the BA applied to a fruit was absorbed during 24 hours, and this amount was considerably larger than penetration through either the abaxial or adaxial leaf surface. BA treatments that thinned also increased ethylene production linearly in both leaves and fruit 24 hours after application, but the magnitude of increase was not considered large enough to be the primary cause for thinning. BA thinned spurs with two or three fruit more than spurs with one fruit, and it did not selectively thin to just one fruit per cluster. Chemical name used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine [benzyladenine (BA)].

Download Full-text

Influence of leaf surface micromorphology, wax content, and surfactant on primisulfuron droplet spread on barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and green foxtail (Setaria viridis)

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-05-173r.1 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 54 (4) ◽

pp. 627-633 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Debanjan Sanyal ◽

Prasanta C. Bhowmik ◽

Krishna N. Reddy

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Leaf Surface ◽

Unit Area ◽

Wetting Agent ◽

Adaxial Leaf Surface ◽

Green Foxtail ◽

Abaxial Leaf Surface ◽

Leaf Surfaces ◽

Spread Area ◽

Wax Content

Laboratory studies were conducted to examine the leaf surface, epicuticular wax content, and spread area of primisulfuron spray droplet with and without surfactant on leaf surface of barnyardgrass and green foxtail. Adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces were examined using scanning electron microscopy and leaf wax was extracted and quantified. The spread of 1-μl droplets of distilled water, primisulfuron solution (without surfactant), primisulfuron solution with a nonionic low foam wetter/spreader adjuvant (0.25% v/v), and with an organosilicone wetting agent (0.1% v/v) was determined on the adaxial leaf surfaces of each of the weed species. Stomata and trichomes were present on adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces in both species. Green foxtail had more stomata per unit area on the adaxial as compared to the abaxial leaf surface. Barnyardgrass had more stomata on the abaxial than on the adaxial leaf surface. There was no significant variation in the number of trichomes per unit leaf area of green foxtail, and the number of prickles per unit area of leaf was significantly higher in adaxial than the abaxial leaf surface, in both young and old leaves. In barnyardgrass, there were more trichomes on abaxial than adaxial leaf surface. The mean value of the wax content per unit of leaf area in barnyardgrass and green foxtail was 35.9 μg cm−2and 19.1 μg cm−2, respectively. On both species primisulfuron with a nonionic surfactant had more spread area than that without a surfactant, and the spread was even greater with organosilicone wetting agent. The spread area of primisulfuron droplet was higher on the leaf surface of barnyardgrass than on green foxtail when surfactant was added.

Download Full-text