scholarly journals Screening Buddleia Cultivars for Acute Ozone Sensitivity

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 142-145
Author(s):  
Douglas A. Findley ◽  
Gary J. Keever ◽  
Arthur H. Chappelka ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam ◽  
D. Joseph Eakes
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Severe Injury ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Exposure Response ◽  
Ozone Sensitivity ◽  
Adaxial Leaf Surface

Abstract Eight cultivars of buddleia were exposed to ozone (O3) concentrations up to 375 ppb for two 4-hour periods on consecutive days in 1995. Visible injury to all cultivars consisted of small, discrete spots, reddish purple in color, on the adaxial leaf surface. Cultivars differed in sensitivity to acute O3 exposure with ‘Empire Blue’ and ‘Opera’ being the most tolerant and ‘Black Knight’, ‘Nanho Blue’, ‘Pink Delight’, and ‘Royal Red’ the most sensitive. Severe injury occurred on the most sensitive cultivars with O3 exposures of 250 or 375 ppb. At the highest O3 concentration, the severity index (SI), an indicator of foliar injury, ranged from 1.3 (less injury) for ‘Opera’ to 4.6 (more injury) for ‘Pink Delight’. An exposure-response study with ‘Black Knight’ resulted in visible injury increasing as both concentration and number of exposures increased, with the most severe injury to plants given the most exposures (5 days) to the highest concentration (375 ppb, SI of 6.3).

scholarly journals Ozone Sensitivity of Selected Southeastern Landscape Plants

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-55
Author(s):  
Douglas A. Findley ◽  
Gary J. Keever ◽  
Arthur H. Chappelka ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam ◽  
D. Joseph Eakes
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Petunia X Hybrida ◽  
Quercus Acutissima ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Flowering Dogwood ◽  
Ozone Sensitivity ◽  
Sawtooth Oak ◽  
White Star

Abstract Twenty-six species and/or cultivars commonly used in landscapes of the southeastern United States were exposed to three ozone (O3) levels for 3-week periods during spring and summer 1994. Thirteen species or cultivars exhibited visible foliar injury at the highest rate, 2.5× ambient, and two cultivars exhibited foliar injury with ambient O3 concentrations. The most sensitive were two cultivars of buddleia or butterfly bush (Buddleia davidii Franch. ‘Black Knight’ and ‘Royal Red’), with visible injury under ambient and 2.5× ambient O3 levels, and ‘White Star’ zinnia (Zinnia angustifolia HBK ‘White Star’) with visible injury observed under 2.5× ambient O3 levels. Seven other cultivars of buddleia and three cultivars of red maple (Acer rubrum L. ‘Autumn Flame’, ‘October Glory’, and ‘Franksred’ (Red SunsetTM)) exhibited minor foliar injury under 2.5× ambient O3 levels. Visible injury was not present on flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L. ‘Stokes Pink’), hollies (Ilex crenata Thunb. ‘Green Luster’, I. cornuta Lindl. & Paxt. ‘Carissa’, I. x attenuate Ashe ‘Fosteri #2’), cultivars of crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L. ‘Byers Wonderful White’ and ‘Carolina Beauty’), glossy abelia (Abelia x grandiflora (Andre) Rehd.), southern waxmyrtle (Myrica cerifera L.), sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima Carruth), begonia (Begonia semperflorens-cultorum Hort. ‘Pizzazz Red’), petunia (Petunia x hybrida Hort. Vilm.-Andr. ‘Celebrity Red’), salvia (Salvia splendens Sello. ‘Hotline’), or gomphrena (Gomphrena globosa L. ‘Strawberry Fields’).

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Reductions in Photosynthesis Caused by Applying Horticultural Oil to Grapevine Leaves

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 346-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Baudoin ◽  
Sarah Finger McDonald ◽  
Tony K. Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Retention Data ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Small Water ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Leaf Surfaces

Phytotoxicity of horticultural oil, applied shortly before antifungal sulfur, was evaluated for 23 grape cultivars. Oil application significantly reduced accumulation of soluble solids in berries of 9 of 23 cultivars, but there was no relationship with visible foliar injury. Treatment of leaves of Vitis labrusca `Catawba' with 1.5% JMS Stylet-Oil reduced leaf net photosynthesis (Pn) by 50% to 60% and of Vitis vinifera `Chardonnay' by 20% to 30% 1 day after application. Pn was reduced only when the lower (abaxial) leaf surface was treated; treatment of only the adaxial leaf surface had little effect. The Pn depression in `Catawba' persisted 3 to 4 weeks, whereas reductions in `Chardonnay' persisted less than 2 weeks. The Pn-depressing effect of oil was not significantly ameliorated by real or simulated rainfall, and washing the lower leaf surfaces with water and detergent also had only limited effect. There was no significant difference in Pn depression from oil applications made in the middle of the day (stomata open) compared to application in the evening (stomata closed), or from oil applied at higher versus lower application pressure. The greater sensitivity of `Catawba' than `Chardonnay' to Pn depression by oil may be related to the amount of oil retained by the leaves; the pubescent lower leaf surfaces of `Catawba' retained more than twice as much spray emulsion as did the more glabrous leaves of `Chardonnay'. Visible injury was mild in both cultivars, with small water-soaked lesions developing more commonly on `Chardonnay' than on `Catawba' leaves. Spray oil retention data for additional cultivars suggested that differences in retention can explain a portion of the differences in horticultural oil phytotoxicity.

scholarly journals OZONE SENSITIVITY OF BUDDLEIA CULTIVARS

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 744d-744
Author(s):  
Doug Findley ◽  
Gary J. Keever ◽  
Arthur H. Chappelka ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam ◽  
D. Joseph Eakes
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Elevated Ozone ◽  
Ozone Sensitivity ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Buddleia Davidii

Five cultivars of buddleia, Buddleia davidii, were exposed to subambient, ambient, and twice-ambient levels of ozone in open-top chambers for 8 weeks during 1995. Plants were evaluated for foliar injury, growth index, and inflorescence characteristics during and following the exposure period. Destructive harvests were conducted at the end of the exposure period to determine the dry weight of both above- and below-ground plant components. All cultivars showed signs of visible injury in the twice-ambient treatment at both 3 and 8 weeks after treatment initiation (WAT). At 3 WAT, `Pink Delight' was the most severely injured, followed by `Opera'. The other three cultivars had similar lower levels of foliar injury. Reductions in growth index as well as dry weight were found for all cultivars in the twice-ambient treatment. The number of developing floral buds and inflorescences was reduced in the twice-ambient treatment for all cultivars. Differences among the cultivars was due to normal differences in growth habit and not due to elevated ozone levels. These data indicate that Buddleia cultivars are sensitive to levels of ozone similar to those found in urban areas of the southeastern United States.

Tolerance of Southern US Rice Cultivars to Benzobicyclon

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 658-665
Author(s):  
Mason L. Young ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Robert C. Scott ◽  
Lon T. Barber
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Severe Injury ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Tropical Japonica ◽  
Southern Us ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Rough Rice

Benzobicyclon is the first 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase-inhibiting herbicide pursued for commercial registration in U.S. rice production. A study was conducted in 2015 and 2016 to evaluate the response of eight rice cultivars to post-flood application timings of benzobicyclon at 494 g ai ha-1(proposed 2X rate). ‘Caffey’, ‘CL151’, ‘CLXL745’, ‘Jupiter’, ‘LaKast’, ‘Mermentau’, ‘Roy J’, and ‘XL753’ were evaluated in response to applications of benzobicyclon. The highest level of visible injury was observed in LaKast at 7% in 2015. No visible injury was detected among other cultivars either year at 2 weeks after treatment. In 2015 and 2016, no more than a four-day delay to reach 50% heading occurred across all cultivars. Rough rice yield was not affected by any of the post-flood application timings of benzobicyclon. A second study was conducted in 2016 at three locations throughout Arkansas to investigate the tolerance of 19tropical japonica(inbred and hybrid) and twoindicainbred cultivars to a premix containing benzobicyclon at 494 g ai ha-1and halosulfuron at 72 g ai ha-1 applied 1 week after flooding. Thetropical japonicacultivars have excellent crop safety to benzobicyclon while application to theindicacultivars, Rondo and Purple Marker, expressed severe phytotoxicity. Benzobicyclon caused less than a 2 d delay in heading to thejaponicacultivars. Rough rice yield of thetropical japonicacultivars was not affected by benzobicyclon while yields of bothindicacultivars were negatively affected. Benzobicyclon can safely be applied to drill-seededtropical japonicainbred and hybrid cultivars in a post-flood application without concerns for crop injury. Benzobicyclon should not be used onindicacultivars as it will cause severe injury, delayed heading, and yield loss.

scholarly journals Adjuvant Effects on Imazethapyr, 2,4-D and Picloram Absorption by Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula)

Weed Science ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Mack Thompson ◽  
Scott J. Nissen ◽  
Robert A. Masters
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Cuticular Waxes ◽  
Adaxial Leaf Surface ◽  
Abaxial Leaf Surface ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Adjuvant Effects

Laboratory experiments were conducted to identify adjuvants that improve absorption of imazethapyr, 2,4-D amine, and picloram by leafy spurge. Adjuvants (0.25% v/v) included crop oil concentrate (COC), methylated seed oil (MSO), nonionic surfactant (NIS), organosilicones (Silwet L-77®, Sylgard® 309, Silwet® 408), 3:1 mixtures of acetylinic diol ethoxylates (ADE40, ADE65, ADE85) with Silwet L-77, ammonium sulfate (2.5 kg ha−1), and 28% urea ammonium nitrate (UAN, 2.5% v/v). Adjuvants were combined with14C-herbicide and commercially formulated herbicide product. Leaves were harvested 2 DAT, rinsed with 10% aqueous methanol to remove surface deposits of herbicide, and dipped in 9:1 hexane:acetone to solubilize cuticular waxes. Imazethapyr absorption increased by 38 to 68% when UAN was combined with COC, NIS, or MSO. Total absorption of imazethapyr plus COC, MSO, or NIS exceeded 86% 2 DAT when UAN was added. Urea ammonium nitrate reduced the amount of imazethapyr associated with the cuticular wax by 2.0%. Imazethapyr absorption was similar on both the abaxial and adaxial leaf surface when UAN was not added; however, 12% more imazethapyr was absorbed from the abaxial leaf surface than from the adaxial leaf surface when UAN was combined with Sylgard 309. Uptake of 2,4-D ranged from 54 to 78% and was greatest with Silwet 408 and 3:1 mixture of ADE40: Silwet L-77. Picloram absorption ranged from 3 to 19%. Buffering picloram treatment solutions to pH 7 and including 2.5 kg ha-1ammonium sulfate increased picloram absorption to 37%.

scholarly journals Evidence of Ozone-Induced Visible Foliar Injury in Hong Kong Using Phaseolus Vulgaris as a Bioindicator

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Leung ◽  
Jacky Y. S. Pang ◽  
Amos P. K. Tai ◽  
Timothy Lam ◽  
Donald K. C. Tao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Surface Ozone ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Ozone Pollution ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Genotype 4 ◽  
Ozone Sensitivity ◽  
Foliar Damage ◽  
Sensitive Genotype

(1) Background: Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated cities in the world, with millions of people exposed to severe air pollution. Surface ozone, mostly produced photochemically from anthropogenic precursor gases, is harmful to both humans and vegetation. The phytotoxicity of ozone has been shown to damage plant photosynthesis, induce early leaf death, and retard growth. (2) Methods: We use genotypes of bush bean Phaseolus vulgaris with various degrees of sensitivity to ozone to investigate the impacts of ambient ozone on the morphology and development of the beans. We use ozone-induced foliar injury index and measure the flowering and fruit production to quantify the ozone stress on the plants. (3) Results: We expected that the ozone-sensitive genotype would suffer from a reduction of yield. Results, however, show that the ozone-sensitive genotype suffers higher ozone-induced foliar damage as expected but produces more pods and beans and heavier beans than the ozone-resistant genotype. (4) Conclusions: It is postulated that the high ozone sensitivity of the sensitive genotype causes stress-induced flowering, and therefore results in higher bean yield. A higher than ambient concentration of ozone is needed to negatively impact the yield production of the ozone-sensitive genotype. Meanwhile, ozone-induced foliar damage shows a graduated scale of damage pattern that can be useful for indicating ozone levels. This study demonstrates the usefulness of bioindicators to monitor the phytotoxic effects of ozone pollution in a subtropical city such as Hong Kong.

Effects of simulated acid fog on leaf acidification and injury development of pinto beans

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 918-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bytnerowicz ◽  
P. J. Temple ◽  
O. C. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Acid Fog ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Fog Deposition ◽  
Pinto Beans ◽  
Background Ions

Pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. UI 111) were exposed for 8 h to simulated fog solutions made up of 2:1 nitric acid: sulfuric acid plus background ions, acidified to pH 3.2, 2.8, 2.4, and 2.0. Rate of fog deposition was ca. 1 mm h−1. Examination of visible foliar injury development, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination, and measurement of leaf extract pH were performed every 2 h. Both visual and SEM observations during exposure showed no change in leaf surface characteristics for plants exposed to pH 3.2 and 2.8 fog solutions but 1 week after pH 2.8 exposures, injury was seen on primary leaves and young trifoliate leaves. The first indications of injury at pH 2.4 were seen under SEM after 8 h of exposure. Foliar injury was apparent after only 2 h of exposure at pH 2.0 and severe acid necrosis developed after 24 h. Changes in acidity of leaf extracts were closely correlated with subsequent injury development. No changes were observed in extracts of plants exposed to pH 3.2 simulated fog compared with controls. After 8 h of exposure, leaf extracts of plants exposed to pH 2.8 fog had dropped 0.05 pH units. Plants exposed to pH 2.4 and pH 2.0 for 8 h had leaf extracts that were 0.12 and 0.18 pH units lower, respectively. Comparison of the three measured parameters of acid fog effects (visible injury development, SEM examination of leaf surfaces, and determination of leaf extract pH) showed extract pH to be a simple, quantifiable, and sensitive indicator of the negative effects of acid precipitation on plants.

Contributions to the Andean Senecioneae (Compositae)—II. Werneria lanatifolia, a new species from central Andes

Phytotaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 422 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOEL CALVO ◽  
ROSA I. MENESES
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Central Andes ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Adaxial Leaf Surface ◽  
Dichotomous Key ◽  
A New Species

Werneria lanatifolia is described as a new species from the central Andes. It is a minute plant characterized by a lanate indumentum on the adaxial leaf surface and involucre. The new species is compared with the morphologically closest taxa and useful characters for its proper identification are provided. Detailed pictures of living plants, a distribution map, and a dichotomous key including the species allied to W. lanatifolia are also presented.

scholarly journals Assessment of the ozone sensitivity of 22 native plant species from Mediterranean annual pastures based on visible injury

2003 ◽  
Vol 37 (33) ◽  
pp. 4667-4677 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Bermejo ◽  
B.S. Gimeno ◽  
J. Sanz ◽  
D. de la Torre ◽  
J.M. Gil
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Native Plant Species ◽  
Ozone Sensitivity

Relationship of leaf parameters with genetic ozone insensitivity in selected Phaseolus vulgaris cultivars

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 2187-2191 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Hucl ◽  
W. D. Beversdorf ◽  
B. D. McKersie
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Stomatal Frequency ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Ozone Sensitivity ◽  
Primary Mechanism ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Leaf Parameters

The relationship of ozone-induced foliar injury (ozone sensitivity) with several leaf characteristics including stomatal frequency, stomatal closure in the presence of ozone (O3), and trichome densities (abaxial and adaxial) was evaluated for a diverse group of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivars. Differences were observed among cultivars for ozone sensitivity and leaf parameters including stomatal frequency, trichome density, and stomatal closure in the presence of O3. Although significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences among the cultivars for stomatal frequency and trichome densities existed, no consistent pattern between insensitive and sensitive cultivars was observed. Ozone-sensitive genotypes responded to 40 parts per hundred million O3 with similar or greater stomatal closure than the more insensitive genotypes, indicating that stomatal closure was not a primary mechanism for O3 insensitivity among the cultivars evaluated.

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