How the cells were injured and the secondary metabolites in the shikimate pathway were changed by boron deficiency in trifoliate orange root

2020 ◽  
Vol 151 ◽  
pp. 630-639
Author(s):  
Xiuwen Wu ◽  
Muhammad Riaz ◽  
Lei Yan ◽  
Zhenhua Zhang ◽  
Cuncang Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Shikimate Pathway ◽  
Boron Deficiency ◽  
Trifoliate Orange

scholarly journals Towards a scientific status for micromolecular Systematics

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 845-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otto R. Gottlieb
Keyword(s):  
Information Retrieval ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Shikimate Pathway ◽  
Oxidative Enzymes ◽  
Natural Classification ◽  
Plant Kingdom ◽  
Ecological Implications ◽  
Scientific Status ◽  
Entire Plant ◽  
Retrieval Device

Abstract While different biosynthetic groups of secondary metabolites (micromolecules) rarely accumulate in the same plant species, one such group may replace another in morphologically related taxa. The use of micromolecules as general systematic markers of the plant kingdom thus requires unifying postulates concerning their evolution patterns. Two such postulates — contraction of the shikimate pathway and blocking of oxidative enzymes — are illustrated with the aid of systematic considerations on the genera Aniba (Lauraceae) and Derris-Lonchocarpus (Leguminosae) which involve besides chemistry, morphology, ecology and geography. Extrapolation of the principles applied in these examples to the entire plant kingdom seems possible, an important fact, due to the ecological implications of micromolecules. In this sense, the paper opens the way, rather than simply to a more "natural" classification, to an information retrieval device of ecologically relevant facts about plants.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Identification of Long Non-coding RNA in Trifoliate Orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf) Leaves in Response to Boron Deficiency

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 5419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gao-Feng Zhou ◽  
Li-Ping Zhang ◽  
Bi-Xian Li ◽  
Ou Sheng ◽  
Qing-Jiang Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Plant Hormones ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Boron Deficiency ◽  
Trifoliate Orange ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Genome

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in plant growth and stress responses. As a dominant abiotic stress factor in soil, boron (B) deficiency stress has impacted the growth and development of citrus in the red soil region of southern China. In the present work, we performed a genome-wide identification and characterization of lncRNAs in response to B deficiency stress in the leaves of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata), an important rootstock of citrus. A total of 2101 unique lncRNAs and 24,534 mRNAs were predicted. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) experiments were performed for a total of 16 random mRNAs and lncRNAs to validate their existence and expression patterns. Expression profiling of the leaves of trifoliate orange under B deficiency stress identified 729 up-regulated and 721 down-regulated lncRNAs, and 8419 up-regulated and 8395 down-regulated mRNAs. Further analysis showed that a total of 84 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) were up-regulated and 31 were down-regulated, where the number of up-regulated DELs was 2.71-fold that of down-regulated. A similar trend was also observed in differentially expressed mRNAs (DEMs, 4.21-fold). Functional annotation of these DEMs was performed using Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses, and the results demonstrated an enrichment of the categories of the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis/lignin biosynthesis), plant hormone signal transduction and the calcium signaling pathway. LncRNA target gene enrichment identified several target genes that were involved in plant hormones, and the expression of lncRNAs and their target genes was significantly influenced. Therefore, our results suggest that lncRNAs can regulate the metabolism and signal transduction of plant hormones, which play an important role in the responses of citrus plants to B deficiency stress. Co-expression network analysis indicated that 468 significantly differentially expressed genes may be potential targets of 90 lncRNAs, and a total of 838 matched lncRNA-mRNA pairs were identified. In summary, our data provides a rich resource of candidate lncRNAs and mRNAs, as well as their related pathways, thereby improving our understanding of the role of lncRNAs in response to B deficiency stress, and in symptom formation caused by B deficiency in the leaves of trifoliate orange.

scholarly journals Molecular responses of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in tolerating root rot of trifoliate orange

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 558-571
Author(s):  
Shen CHENG ◽  
Li TIAN ◽  
Ying-Ning ZOU ◽  
Qiang-Sheng WU ◽  
Kamil KUČA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Plant Disease Resistance ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Trifoliate Orange ◽  
Phytophthora Parasitica ◽  
Amf Inoculation

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance plant disease resistance, while the underlying mechanisms in the molecular levels are not yet known. In this study, five-leaf-old trifoliate orange seedlings were inoculated with Funneliformis mosseae for 14 weeks and subsequently were infected by a citrus root rot pathogen Phytophthora parasitica by 7 days. The transcriptome results by Illumina HiSeq 4000 revealed that the percentage of Q30 bases reached 92.99% or above, and 29696 unigenes were annotated in a total of 63531 unigenes. 654 and 103 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were respectively annotated in AMF-inoculated versus non-AMF-inoculated plants under non-infection and infection with P. parasitica, respectively, whilst these DEGs were related to defense mechanisms, signal transduction mechanisms and secondary metabolites biosynthesis. Forty-two genes were functionally annotated as the putative 'defense mechanism', whilst AMF inoculation induced 1 gene down-regulated and 3 genes up-regulated under P. parasitica infection. AMF inoculation stimulated more genes linked to signal transduction mechanism down-regulated than non-AMF plants. Eight genes were involved in secondary metabolites biosynthesis in AMF versus non-AMF seedlings under P. parasitica-infection conditions. Such transcriptome database provided total information in the molecular levels regarding mycorrhizal roles in tolerating Phytophthora parasitica infection.

The Shikimate Pathway: Biosynthesis of Phenolic Products from Shikimic Acid

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary W. Morrow
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Shikimic Acid ◽  
Shikimate Pathway ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acids ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Bimolecular Reaction ◽  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Chemotherapy Agent ◽  
Acid Pathway

Like other amino acids, the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan are vitally important for protein synthesis in all organisms. However, while animals can synthesize tyrosine via oxidation of phenylalanine, they can synthesize neither phenylalanine itself nor tryptophan and so these essential amino acids must be obtained in the diet, usually from plant material. Though many other investigators made significant contributions in this area over the years, it was Bernhard Davis in the early 1950s whose use of mutant stains of Escherichia coli led to a full understanding of the so-called shikimic acid pathway that is used by plants and also by some microorganisms for the biosynthesis of these essential amino acids. The pathway is almost completely devoted to their synthesis for protein production in bacteria, while in plants the pathway extends their use to the construction of a wide array of secondary metabolites, many of which are valuable medicinal agents. These secondary metabolites range from simple and familiar compounds such as vanillin (vanilla flavor and fragrance) and eugenol (oil of clove, a useful dental anesthetic) to more complex structures such as pinoresinol, a common plant biochemical, and podophyllotoxin, a powerful cancer chemotherapy agent. Earlier in Chapter 3, we encountered two important intermediates, erythrose-4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), each of which was derived from a different pathway utilized in carbohydrate metabolism. Erythrose-4-P was an intermediate in one of the steps of the pentose phosphate pathway while hydrolysis of PEP to pyruvic acid was the final step in glycolysis. These two simple intermediates provide the seven carbon atoms required for construction of shikimic acid itself. The two are linked to one another via a sequence of enzyme-mediated aldol-type reactions, the first being a bimolecular reaction and the second an intramolecular variant that ultimately leads to a cyclic precursor of shikimic acid known as 3-dehydroquinic acid as shown in Fig. 6.3. Subsequent dehydration of 3-dehydroquinic acid leads to 3-dehydroshikimic acid which then leads directly to shikimic acid via NADPH reduction.

Ozone affects shikimate pathway genes and secondary metabolites in saplings of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) grown under greenhouse conditions

Trees ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunter Andreas Betz ◽  
Elke Gerstner ◽  
Susanne Stich ◽  
Barbro Winkler ◽  
Gerhard Welzl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Shikimate Pathway ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica L

scholarly journals Recent highlights in biosynthesis research using stable isotopes

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 2493-2508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Rinkel ◽  
Jeroen S Dickschat
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
Shikimate Pathway ◽  
Isotopic Labeling ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
History Of ◽  
Biosynthetic Studies ◽  
Selection Of

The long and successful history of isotopic labeling experiments within natural products research has both changed and deepened our understanding of biosynthesis. As demonstrated in this article, the usage of isotopes is not at all old-fashioned, but continues to give important insights into biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites. This review with 85 cited references is structured by separate discussions of compounds from different classes including polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, their hybrids, terpenoids, and aromatic compounds formed via the shikimate pathway. The text does not aim at a comprehensive overview, but instead a selection of recent important examples of isotope usage within biosynthetic studies is presented, with a special emphasis on mechanistic surprises.

scholarly journals Elucidating the impact of enhanced conversion of primary to secondary metabolism on phenylpropanoids secondary metabolites associated with flavor, aroma and health in tomato fruits

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gad Galili ◽  
Harry J. Klee ◽  
Asaph Aharoni
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Shikimate Pathway ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acids ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Tomato Fruits ◽  
Transcript Factor ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Important Regulator ◽  
The Impact

• Targeted manipulating Phenylalanine (Phe) synthesis is one of the most powerful strategies to boost the biologically and economically important secondary metabolites, including phenylpropaniods, aromatic volatiles and specialized secondary metabolites. • Over-expression of the petunia MYB transcript factor, ODORANT1 (ODO1), results in significant alterations of the levels of specific phenylpropanoid compounds in plants. • Our previous studies indicated that ectopic expression of the feedback-insensitive AroG could break the bottleneck between primary and secondary metabolisms in tomato, thereby aiding in producing new tomato composition and identifying the unknown roles of multiple key regulators in specialized metabolism. Therefore, combining the AroG and ODO1 is of particular interest for elucidating the combined regulatory role of both of these genes in the Phe metabolic pathway, as well as generating tomato fruits that contain higher levels of secondary metabolites. • Here, we performed the LC-MS and GC-MS analyses on fruits of four tomato genotypes, namely, wild type tomato fruits as well as tomato fruits expressing the AroG, ODO1 and the combination of AroG plus ODO1 (AO) genotypes. Our results elaborated that the levels of many of the Phe-derived metabolites were predominately altered in fruits of the AO genotype, compared to tomato fruits expressing either AroG or ODO1 individually. The levels of most of these metabolites were significantly stimulated, such as Tyrosine (Tyr), coumaric acid and ferulic acid derived metabolites, but the levels of some important secondary metabolites were reduced in the AO transgenic genotypes as compared to either AroG or ODO1 lines. Nevertheless, our results also revealed that the levels of aromatic volatiles were obviously down regulated in the AO, compared to that in AroG transgenic fruits, but were boosted while compared to the wild type and ODO1 transgenic fruits. • Our results suggest that ODO1 expression may also have a negative effect on the production of some of the aromatic volatiles in tomato fruits, indicating that ODO1 acts as an important regulator of the shikimate pathway, which leads to the production of the aromatic amino acids and secondary metabolites derived from them. Key words: AroG, ODO1, tomato, metabolism, shikimate pathway

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