Lipidomics reveals the difference of membrane lipid catabolism between chilling injury sensitive and non-sensitive green bell pepper in response to chilling

(1) The objective of the present study was to identify suitable parameters to determine the (degree of) freshness of Bell pepper fruit of three colors (yellow, red, and green) over a two-week period including the occurrence of shrivel using non-destructive real-time measurements (2) Materials and methods: Surface glossiness was measured non-destructively with a luster sensor type CZ-H72 (Keyence Co., Osaka, Japan), a colorimeter, a spectrometer and a profilometer type VR-5200 (Keyence) to obtain RGB images. (3) Results: During storage and shelf life, bell pepper fruit of initially 230–245 g lost 2.9–4.8 g FW per day at 17 °C and 55% rh. Shriveling started at 6–8% weight loss after 4–5 days and became more pronounced. Glossiness decreased from 450–500 a.u. with fresh fruit without shrivel, 280–310 a.u. with moderately shriveled fruit to 80–90 a.u. with severely shriveled fruit irrespective of color against a background of <40 a.u. within the same color, e.g., light red and dark red. Non-invasive color measurements showed no decline in Lab values (chlorophyll content), irrespective of fruit color and degree of shrivel. RGB images, converted into false color images, showed a concomitant increase in surface roughness (Sa) from Sa = ca. 2 µm for fresh and glossy, Sa = ca. 7 µm for moderately shriveled to Sa = ca. 24 µm for severely shriveled rough surfaces of stored pepper fruit, equivalent to a 12-fold increase in surface roughness. The light reflectance peak at 630–633 nm was universal, irrespective of fruit color and freshness. Hence, a freshness index based on (a) luster values ≥ 450 a.u., (b) Sa ≤ 2 µm and (c) the difference in relative reflectance in % between 630 nm and 500 nm is suggested. The latter values declined from ca. 40% for fresh red Bell pepper, ca. 32% after 6 days when shriveling had started, to ca. 21% after 12 days, but varied with fruit color. (4) Conclusion: overall, it can be concluded that color measurements were unsuitable to determine the freshness of Bell pepper fruit, whereas profilometer, luster sensor, and light reflectance spectra were suitable candidates as a novel opto-electronic approach for defining and parametrizing fruit freshness.

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PUFA and aging modulate cardiac mitochondrial membrane lipid composition and Ca2+ activation of PDH

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.1999.276.1.h149 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 276 (1) ◽

pp. H149-H158 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Salvatore Pepe ◽

Naotaka Tsuchiya ◽

Edward G. Lakatta ◽

Richard G. Hansford

Keyword(s):

Lipid Composition ◽

Work Performance ◽

Membrane Lipid ◽

Ruthenium Red ◽

Membrane Phospholipids ◽

Pufa Ratio ◽

Membrane Lipid Composition ◽

Isolated Hearts ◽

Pufa Diet ◽

The Difference

Aberrations in cell Ca2+ homeostasis have been known to parallel both changes in membrane lipid composition and aging. Previous work has shown that the lowered efficiency of work performance, which occurs in isolated hearts from rats fed a diet rich in n–6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), relative to those fed n–3 PUFA, could be raised by mitochondrial (Mito) Ca2+ transport inhibition. We tested whether, after Ca2+-dependent stress, the Ca2+-dependent activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDHA/PDHTotal) and Mito Ca2+ cycling could be manipulated by varying the ratio of n–3 to n–6 PUFA in Mito membranes in young (6 mo) and aged (24 mo) isolated rat hearts treated to n–3 or n–6 PUFA-rich diet. Inotropic stimulation by 1 μM norepinephrine (NE) of 24-mo n–6 PUFA-rich hearts elevated total Mito Ca2+ content 38% more than in 6-mo hearts ( P < 0.05). However, both the NE-induced rise in Mito Ca2+ and the difference in response between 6- and 24-mo hearts were partially abolished by n–3 PUFA treatment. NE increased the fractional activation of PDH by 44% above control levels in the 6-mo group compared with 49% in the 24-mo group after n–6 PUFA diet. However, NE stimulation of PDHA was attenuated by n–3 PUFA diet, attaining values only 29 and 23% above control levels in 6- and 24-mo mitochondria, respectively ( P < 0.05). Global ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) in n–6 PUFA hearts gave rise to higher levels of total Mito Ca2+concentration ( P < 0.0001) and PDHA( P < 0.0001) compared with n–3 PUFA. Ruthenium red (3.4 μM) abolished the effects of I/R in all groups. With aging, heart Mito membrane phosphatidylcholine was increased after n–6 PUFA-rich diet (by ∼15%, P < 0.05), whereas cardiolipin and n–3 PUFA content were diminished by 31% ( P < 0.05) and 73% ( P < 0.05), respectively. These effects were prevented by n–3 PUFA-rich diet. The present study, by directly manipulating the cardiac Mito membrane n–3-to-n–6 PUFA ratio, shows that the activation of Ca2+-dependent PDH can be augmented when the n–3-to-n–6 PUFA ratio is low (n–6 PUFA-rich diet; 24-mo hearts) or attenuated when this ratio is relatively high (n–3 PUFA-rich diet). We propose that one of the consequences of dietary-induced manipulation of membrane phospholipids and PUFAs may be the altered flux of Ca2+ across the Mito membrane and thus altered intramitochondrial Ca2+-dependent processes.

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Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Fruits are Susceptible to Chilling Injury at the Breaker Stage of Ripeness

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.42.7.1659 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 42 (7) ◽

pp. 1659-1664 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Chae Shin Lim ◽

Seong Mo Kang ◽

Jeoung Lai Cho ◽

Kenneth C. Gross ◽

Allan B. Woolf

Keyword(s):

Capsicum Annuum ◽

Water Loss ◽

Ethylene Production ◽

Electrolyte Leakage ◽

Color Change ◽

Chilling Injury ◽

Bell Pepper ◽

Low Temperature Storage ◽

Bell Peppers ◽

Temperature Storage

To study ripening-related chilling injury (CI) of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), fruit at mature green, breaker, and red-ripe stages were stored at 1, 5, 7, and 10 °C for 4 weeks. Surface pitting was evaluated after storage at 1 °C for 2 weeks followed by a 2-day exposure to room temperature (20 °C). Exposing fruit to 1 °C enhanced water loss, respiration, ethylene production, and electrolyte leakage, but slowed color change. Weight loss, respiration, ethylene production, electrolyte leakage, and color change increased more in breaker than in mature green and red-ripe fruit. No pitting symptom was observed at temperatures of 5 to 10 °C. After storing peppers at 1 °C for 2 weeks, breaker stage fruit exhibited chilling symptoms of severe surface pitting with more sheet pitting and deeper peel depression. Mature green fruit showed only moderate pitting. However, red-ripe peppers showed no injury and cells showed a normal appearance after low-temperature storage (1 °C). These results show that bell peppers tended to be more susceptible to chilling temperature while at the breaker stage and that the increase in visible CI is correlated with increased water loss, respiration, ethylene production, electrolyte leakage, and color change during storage.

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Role of Membrane Lipid Peroxidation, Enzymatic and Non-enzymatic Antioxidative Systems in the Development of Chilling Injury in Japanese Plums

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.137.6.473 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 137 (6) ◽

pp. 473-481 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Sukhvinder Pal Singh ◽

Zora Singh

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Lipid Peroxidation ◽

Cold Storage ◽

Chilling Injury ◽

Membrane Lipid ◽

Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽

Membrane Lipid Peroxidation ◽

Stress Theory ◽

Antioxidative Systems ◽

Duration Of Storage

Chilling injury (CI) is a major postharvest constraint in the long-term cold storage, transportation, and distribution of japanese plums (Prunus salicina). The aim of the work was to explain the development and severity of CI in japanese plums based on the oxidative stress theory following time course analysis of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Changes in membrane lipid peroxidation and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidative systems in japanese plum cultivar Blackamber were determined at weekly intervals during 5 weeks of cold storage at 0 °C and at 2-day intervals during poststorage simulated shelf conditions (21 ± 1 °C) for 8 days after each week of cold storage. Fruit respiration and ethylene production rates showed typical climacteric patterns after removal from cold storage and these rates were relatively high after 4 and 5 weeks compared with 0 to 3 weeks of storage. The CI symptoms first appeared after 3 weeks of cold storage after fruit had been transferred to simulated shelf conditions. The incidence and severity of CI intensified with increasing storage duration. The extent of lipid peroxidation indicated by concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and membrane damage manifested as electrolyte leakage increased with increasing duration of storage and subsequent simulated shelf conditions. Membrane lipid peroxidation exhibited positive correlation with the severity of CI. Activities of primary antioxidant enzymes and the enzymes involved in the ascorbate–glutathione cycle were determined to explain the levels of reduced and oxidized forms of cellular redox buffers, ascorbate and glutathione. In response to chilling stress, antioxidative protection systems operated efficiently during the first 3 weeks of cold storage, but extended storage resulted in loss of ability to ameliorate increasing levels of oxidative stress. In this study, the comprehensive analyses of various metabolites and antioxidative systems explain the series of events involved in development of CI in japanese plums in support of the oxidative stress theory.

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Transcriptome analysis of postharvest blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum‘Duke’) in response to cold stress

10.21203/rs.2.16686/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Fan Zhang ◽

ShuJuan Ji ◽

BaoDong Wei ◽

Shunchang Cheng ◽

Jia Hao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cold Stress ◽

Cold Storage ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Chilling Injury ◽

Membrane Lipid ◽

Proline Content ◽

Cdna Libraries ◽

Transcriptional Level ◽

Biological Processes ◽

As Stress

Abstract Background: Blueberry ( Vaccinium spp. ) is a small berry with high economic value. Although cold storage can extend the storage time of blueberry to more than 60 days, it leads to chilling injury (CI) displayed as pedicle pits; and the samples of 0°C-30 days was the critical point of CI. However, little is known about the mechanism and the molecular basis response to cold stress in blueberry have not been explained definitely. Methods: To comprehensively reveal the CI mechanisms in response to cold stress, we performed high-throughput RNA Seq analysis to investigate the gene regulation network in 0d (control) and 30d chilled blueberry. At the same time, the pitting and decay rate, electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA) proline content and GSH content were also measured. Results: Two cDNA libraries from 0d (control) and 30d chilled samples were constructed and sequenced, generating a total of 35,060 unigenes with an N50 length of 1,348bp. Of these, 1852 were differentially expressed, with 1,167 upregulated and 685 downregulated. Forty-five cold-induced transcription factor (TF) families containing 1,023 TFs were identified. The DEGs indicated in biological processes such as stress responses; cell wall metabolism; abscisic acid, gibberellin, membrane lipid, energy metabolism, cellular components, and molecular functions were significantly responsed to cold storage. The transcriptional level of 40 DEGs were verified by qRT-PCR. Conclusions: The postharvest cold storage leads serious CI in blueberry, which substantially decreases the quality, storability and consumer acceptance. The MDA content, proline content, EL increased and the GSH content decreased in this chilled process. The biological processes such as stress responses, hormone metabolic processes were significantly affected by CI. Overall, the results obtained here are valuable for preventing CI under cold storage and could help to perfect the lack of the genetic information of non-model plant species.

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