Progress towards advanced practice roles in Australia, New Zealand and the Western Pacific

Radiography ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. e20-e23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony Smith ◽  
Jill Yielder ◽  
Olusegun Ajibulu ◽  
Edward Caruana
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
Advanced Practice ◽  
The Western Pacific

Galaxias maculatus: An explanation of its biogeography

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 845 ◽  
Author(s):  
TM Berra ◽  
LELM Crowley ◽  
W Ivantsoff ◽  
PA Fuerst
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Oceanic Islands ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
Disjunct Distribution ◽  
South American ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Galaxias Maculatus ◽  
Break Up ◽  
The Western Pacific

Galaxias maculatus is a small diadromous fish found in Australia, New Zealand, South America and on some oceanic islands. Two hypotheses have been advanced to explain this widespread, disjunct distribution. McDowall promoted dispersal through the sea of salt-tolerant juveniles but Rosen and others claimed that the distribution reflected the break-up of Gondwana and subsequent drift of the southern continents. Allozyrne electrophoresis of muscle extracts of specimens of Galaxias maculatus from eastern and western Australia, New Zealand and Chile was used to test the hypothesis that populations of G. maculatus from the western Pacific and the eastern Pacific do not differ genetically. FST based on allele frequencies and genotypes was 0.14, suggesting only minor differentiation between eastern and western Pacific populations. Minor differentiation in allele frequency existed at some loci, but no fixation of alternative alleles has occurred. The populations examined appear to be part of the same gene pool, indicating that gene flow via dispersal through the sea occurs today. It is unlikely that South American and Australasian populations would be conspecific if they have exchanged no migrants since the break-up of Gondwana at the end of the Mesozoic.

scholarly journals Towards American Dependence: New Zealand's Developing Politico-Military Relations with the United States of America, 1919-1942

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Richard Maximilian Luppi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
The United States ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
Grand Strategy ◽  
Command Area ◽  
Defence Policy ◽  
Military Relations ◽  
The Western Pacific

<p>The purpose of this study is to describe and explain a crucial transition in New Zealand's defence policy the outcome of which was that, instead of relying on the United Kingdom (and in particular the Royal Navy) for her Pacific security, New Zealand began to rely on the military and naval power of the United States in the Western Pacific. The study therefore focuses on New Zealand's developing politico-military relations with the United States in the context of the informal and then formal Anglo-American alliance between 1919 and 1942. There are three parts. The first investigates the events which led up to New Zealand's abrupt reorientation in 1940 from relying on Britain for her Pacific security to relying on the United States. In the course of this, British and American defence planning and co-operation for a possible war in the Pacific between 1919 and 1939 are examined in some detail. The second part deals with New Zealand's efforts to secure an American naval shield in the course of British and American negotiations to develop a combined British-Dutch-American defence against Japan between 1940 and 1942. The final part goes into the reasons for the change of defence policy and concludes that: 1. The fundamental cause was the British failure in 1919 and the immediately following years to challenge Japan for naval supremacy in the Western Pacific by establishing a Far Eastern Fleet. It was a consequence of this that in June 1940 Britain tried to get the United States to assume a major strategic responsibility in the Western Pacific by undertaking to dispatch an American fleet to Singapore if Japan joined in the war whch had already broken out with Germany and Italy. 2. Australia and New Zealand, accepting the British grand strategy, prepared their local defences between October 1940 and March 1941 on the assumption that America would keep in step and send a fleet to Singapore. 3. Despite the failure of Britain's grand strategy between June 1940 and March 1941, America did assume strategic responsibility, particularly for the naval defence of New Zealand, in March 1941. In turn New Zealand, unlike Britain and Australia, consistently tried to meet the American point of view regarding a combined British-Dutch-American Pacific defence plan. This was part of her continuing effort to secure an American naval shield in the event of war with Japan. 4. Britain and America were unable to agree on a combined British-Dutch-American defence plan before Japan entered the war in December 1941. This delayed the final realization of New Zealand's goal, pursued since October 1940, of gaining an American naval shield. The establishment of the ANZAC unified Pacific command area in February 1942 saw this goal at long last attained.</p>

Australian Sympycninae II: Syntormon Loew and Nothorhaphium, gen. nov., with a treatment of the Western Pacific fauna, and notes on the subfamily Rhaphiinae and Dactylonotus Parent (Diptera : Dolichopodidae)

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Bickel
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
Late Tertiary ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Western Pacific

The Australian species of two genera, Nothorhaphium, gen. nov. andSyntormon Loew (Diptera : Dolichopodidae), are described, illustrated and keyed, and discussed in context of the Western Pacific fauna. The two genera are phylogenetically close. The Australian Nothorhaphium comprises four species: N. aemulans Becker, comb. nov. (= Xiphandrium pudicum Parent, syn. nov.), N. nudicorne, sp. nov., N. callosum, sp. nov., and N. curalo, sp. nov. The montane New Guinean N. oro, sp. nov. is also described, and its close relationship with the predominantly southern temperate Australian fauna is discussed, suggesting it was part of a common Australian fauna which became isolated with the uplift of New Guinea in the mid–late Tertiary. The Australian Syntormon comprises six species: S. xiphandroides Parent, S. flexibile Becker, S. singularis, sp. nov., S. tasmanense, sp. nov., S. janelithae, sp. nov., and S. lucare, sp. nov. As well, S. aotearoa is described from New Zealand. Genera once thought to be close to Syntormon are discussed. The subfamily Rhaphiinae is briefly discussed, noting the problem of subfamily definition. The New Zealand Syntormon formosus Parent is placed in new combination [= Dactylonotus formosus (Parent)] in a genus previously known only from southern Africa.

Biogeography of Caladenia (Orchidaceae), with special reference to the South-west Australian Floristic Region

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan D. Phillips ◽  
Gary Backhouse ◽  
Andrew P. Brown ◽  
Stephen D. Hopper
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
The South ◽  
South West ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Acting In Concert ◽  
The Western Pacific ◽  
Eleven Species

Caladenia contains 376 species and subspecies, of which almost all are endemic to temperate and southern semiarid Australia. Eleven species occur in New Zealand, 10 of which are endemic, and one species is widely distributed in eastern Australia and the western Pacific. Only three species occur in both south-western and south-eastern Australia. At subgeneric level, Drakonorchis is endemic to the South-west Australian Floristic Region (SWAFR), Stegostyla to eastern Australia and New Zealand, whereas three subgenera, Calonema, Phlebochilus and Elevatae occur on both sides of the Nullarbor Plain. Subgenus Caladenia is primarily eastern Australian but also extends to the western Pacific. The largest subgenera (Calonema and Phlebochilus) have radiated extensively, with Calonema exhibiting a greater concentration of species in more mesic parts of the SWAFR than Phlebochilus. Within the SWAFR, the major biogeographic division within Caladenia follows the 600-mm isohyet. Within rainfall zones, biogeographic districts for Caladenia correlate with a combination of underlying geology and surface soils. Areas of high endemism contain diverse edaphic environments. Climatic and edaphic requirements are likely to be key drivers of rarity in Caladenia, although these parameters may be acting in concert with mycorrhizal and pollinator specificity.

Two new genera in the family Podospongiidae (Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida) with eight new Western Pacific species

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2976 (1) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
CARINA SIM-SMITH ◽  
MICHELLE KELLY
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
New Genera ◽  
Macquarie Island ◽  
The Family ◽  
New Material ◽  
The Western Pacific ◽  
Pacific Species

New material collected from the Western Pacific has necessitated a revision of family Podospongiidae and the establishment of two new genera, Neopodospongia gen. nov. and Diplopodospongia gen. nov. Neopodospongia gen. nov. was established for a group of sponges characterised by a leathery ectosome, strongyloxeas, aciculospinorhabds, and sigmoidal protospinorhabds. Diplopodospongia gen. nov., was established for a group of thinly encrusting deep-water sponges that have anisoxeas and dumbbell-shaped spinorhabds. Eight new species of Podospongiidae are described here: two species of Podospongia du Bocage, 1869; P. virga sp. nov., from northern New Zealand and P. colini sp. nov., from Indonesia, three species of Neopodospongia from New Zealand; N. pagei gen. nov. sp. nov., N. bergquistae gen. nov. sp. nov., and N. exilis gen. nov. sp. nov., and three species of Diplopodospongia; D. rara gen. nov. sp. nov. and D. teliformis gen. nov. sp. nov. from New Zealand, and D. macquariensis gen. nov. sp. nov. from the Australian Exclusive Economic Zone surrounding Macquarie Island in the Southern Ocean. In addition, the Irish encrusting sponge P. normani (Stephens 1915) has been reassigned to Neopodospongia gen. nov. An updated identification key to Podospongiidae genera is included.

scholarly journals Towards American Dependence: New Zealand's Developing Politico-Military Relations with the United States of America, 1919-1942

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Richard Maximilian Luppi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
The United States ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
Grand Strategy ◽  
Command Area ◽  
Defence Policy ◽  
Military Relations ◽  
The Western Pacific

<p>The purpose of this study is to describe and explain a crucial transition in New Zealand's defence policy the outcome of which was that, instead of relying on the United Kingdom (and in particular the Royal Navy) for her Pacific security, New Zealand began to rely on the military and naval power of the United States in the Western Pacific. The study therefore focuses on New Zealand's developing politico-military relations with the United States in the context of the informal and then formal Anglo-American alliance between 1919 and 1942. There are three parts. The first investigates the events which led up to New Zealand's abrupt reorientation in 1940 from relying on Britain for her Pacific security to relying on the United States. In the course of this, British and American defence planning and co-operation for a possible war in the Pacific between 1919 and 1939 are examined in some detail. The second part deals with New Zealand's efforts to secure an American naval shield in the course of British and American negotiations to develop a combined British-Dutch-American defence against Japan between 1940 and 1942. The final part goes into the reasons for the change of defence policy and concludes that: 1. The fundamental cause was the British failure in 1919 and the immediately following years to challenge Japan for naval supremacy in the Western Pacific by establishing a Far Eastern Fleet. It was a consequence of this that in June 1940 Britain tried to get the United States to assume a major strategic responsibility in the Western Pacific by undertaking to dispatch an American fleet to Singapore if Japan joined in the war whch had already broken out with Germany and Italy. 2. Australia and New Zealand, accepting the British grand strategy, prepared their local defences between October 1940 and March 1941 on the assumption that America would keep in step and send a fleet to Singapore. 3. Despite the failure of Britain's grand strategy between June 1940 and March 1941, America did assume strategic responsibility, particularly for the naval defence of New Zealand, in March 1941. In turn New Zealand, unlike Britain and Australia, consistently tried to meet the American point of view regarding a combined British-Dutch-American Pacific defence plan. This was part of her continuing effort to secure an American naval shield in the event of war with Japan. 4. Britain and America were unable to agree on a combined British-Dutch-American defence plan before Japan entered the war in December 1941. This delayed the final realization of New Zealand's goal, pursued since October 1940, of gaining an American naval shield. The establishment of the ANZAC unified Pacific command area in February 1942 saw this goal at long last attained.</p>

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