scholarly journals Estimating virus occurrence using Bayesian modeling in multiple drinking water systems of the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 619-620 ◽  
pp. 1330-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eunice A. Varughese ◽  
Nichole E. Brinkman ◽  
Emily M. Anneken ◽  
Jennifer L. Cashdollar ◽  
G. Shay Fout ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Bayesian Modeling ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Drinking Water Systems

scholarly journals A Systematic Review of Waterborne Disease Outbreaks Associated with Small Non-Community Drinking Water Systems in Canada and the United States

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. e0141646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Pons ◽  
Ian Young ◽  
Jenifer Truong ◽  
Andria Jones-Bitton ◽  
Scott McEwen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Waterborne Disease ◽  
Drinking Water Systems

scholarly journals A review of household drinking water intervention trials and an approach to the estimation of endemic waterborne gastroenteritis in the United States

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (S2) ◽  
pp. 71-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Colford ◽  
Sharon Roy ◽  
Michael J. Beach ◽  
Allen Hightower ◽  
Susan E. Shaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Public Drinking Water ◽  
Public Drinking ◽  
Intervention Trials ◽  
Drinking Water Systems

The incidence of acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) attributable to public drinking water systems in the United States cannot be directly measured but must be estimated based on epidemiologic studies and other information. The randomized trial is one study design used to evaluate risks attributable to drinking water. In this paper, we review all published randomized trials of drinking water interventions in industrialized countries conducted among general immunocompetent populations. We then present an approach to estimating the incidence (number of cases) of AGI attributable annually to drinking water. To develop a national estimate, we integrate trial results with the estimated incidence of AGI using necessary assumptions about the estimated number of residents consuming different sources of drinking water and the relative quality of the water sources under different scenarios. Using this approach we estimate there to be 4.26–11.69 million cases of AGI annually attributable to public drinking water systems in the United States. We believe this preliminary estimate should be updated as new data become available.

Associations of Community Water Lead Concentrations with Hemoglobin Concentrations and Erythropoietin-Stimulating Agent Use among Patients with Advanced CKD

2021 ◽  
pp. ASN.2020091281
Author(s):  
John Danziger ◽  
Kenneth J. Mukamal ◽  
Eric Weinhandl
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Community Water Systems ◽  
Community Water ◽  
Lead Levels

BackgroundAlthough patients with kidney disease may be particularly susceptible to the adverse health effects associated with lead exposure, whether levels of lead found commonly in drinking water are associated with adverse outcomes in patients with ESKD is not known.MethodsTo investigate associations of lead in community water systems with hemoglobin concentrations and erythropoietin stimulating agent (ESA) use among incident patients with ESKD, we merged data from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Safe Drinking Water Information System (documenting average 90th percentile lead concentrations in community water systems during 5 years before dialysis initiation, according to city of residence) with patient-level data from the United States Renal Data System.ResultsAmong 597,968 patients initiating dialysis in the United States in 2005 through 2017, those in cities with detectable lead levels in community water had significantly lower pre-ESKD hemoglobin concentrations and more ESA use per 0.01 mg/L increase in 90th percentile water lead. Findings were similar for the 208,912 patients with data from the first month of ESKD therapy, with lower hemoglobin and higher ESA use per 0.01 mg/L higher lead concentration. These associations were observed at lead levels below the EPA threshold (0.015 mg/L) that mandates regulatory action. We also observed environmental inequities, finding significantly higher water lead levels and slower declines over time among Black versus White patients.ConclusionsThis first nationwide analysis linking EPA water supply records to patient data shows that even low levels of lead that are commonly encountered in community water systems throughout the United States are associated with lower hemoglobin levels and higher ESA use among patients with advanced kidney disease.

scholarly journals Community-Level Analysis of Drinking Water Data Highlights the Importance of Drinking Water Metrics for the State, Federal Environmental Health Justice Priorities in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 10401
Author(s):  
Uloma Igara Uche ◽  
Sydney Evans ◽  
Soren Rundquist ◽  
Chris Campbell ◽  
Olga V. Naidenko
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Environmental Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Community Water ◽  
Health Justice ◽  
The U.S

Research studies analyzing the geospatial distribution of air pollution and other types of environmental contamination documented the persistence of environmental health disparities between communities. Due to the shortage of publicly available data, only limited research has been published on the geospatial distribution of drinking water pollution. Here we present a framework for the joint consideration of community-level drinking water data and demographic data. Our analysis builds on a comprehensive data set of drinking water contaminant occurrence for the United States for 2014–2019 and the American Community Survey 5-year estimates (2015–2019) from the U.S. Census Bureau. Focusing on the U.S. states of California and Texas for which geospatial data on community water system service boundaries are publicly available, we examine cumulative cancer risk for water served by community water systems of different sizes relative to demographic characteristics for the populations served by these water systems. In both California and Texas, greater cumulative cancer risk was observed for water systems serving communities with a higher percentage of Hispanic/Latino and Black/African American community members. This investigation demonstrates that it is both practical and essential to incorporate and expand the drinking water data metrics in the analysis of environmental pollution and environmental health. The framework presented here can support the development of public policies to advance environmental health justice priorities on state and federal levels in the U.S.

scholarly journals Review of perchlorate occurrence in large public drinking water systems in the United States of America

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 681-694
Author(s):  
Steven J. Luis ◽  
Elizabeth A. Miesner ◽  
Clarissa L. Enslin ◽  
Keith Heidecorn
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Contaminant Monitoring ◽  
Public Drinking Water ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
Public Drinking

Abstract When deciding whether or not to regulate a chemical, regulatory bodies often evaluate the degree to which the public may be exposed by evaluating the chemical's occurrence in food and drinking water. As part of its decision-making process, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) evaluated the occurrence of perchlorate in public drinking water by sampling public water systems (PWSs) as part of the first implementation of the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 1) between 2001 and 2005. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the current representativeness of the UCMR 1 dataset. To achieve this objective, publicly available sources were searched to obtain updated perchlorate data for the majority of large PWSs with perchlorate detections under UCMR 1. Comparison of the updated and UCMR 1 perchlorate datasets shows that the UCMR 1 dataset is no longer representative because the extent and degree of occurrence has decreased since implementation of UCMR 1. Given this finding, it seems appropriate for regulatory bodies engaged in decision-making processes over several years to periodically re-evaluate the conditions that prompted the regulatory effort, thereby ensuring that rules and regulations address actual conditions of concern.

scholarly journals Incidence of waterborne lead in private drinking water systems in Virginia

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 897-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey J. Pieper ◽  
Leigh-Anne H. Krometis ◽  
Daniel L. Gallagher ◽  
Brian L. Benham ◽  
Marc Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
National Public Health ◽  
Lead Source ◽  
Drinking Water Systems

Although recent studies suggest contamination by bacteria and nitrate in private drinking water systems is of increasing concern, data describing contaminants associated with the corrosion of onsite plumbing are scarce. This study reports on the analysis of 2,146 samples submitted by private system homeowners. Almost 20% of first draw samples submitted contained lead concentrations above the United States Environmental Protection Agency action level of 15 μg/L, suggesting that corrosion may be a significant public health problem. Correlations between lead, copper, and zinc suggested brass components as a likely lead source, and dug/bored wells had significantly higher lead concentrations as compared to drilled wells. A random subset of samples selected to quantify particulate lead indicated that, on average, 47% of lead in the first draws was in the particulate form, although the occurrence was highly variable. While flushing the tap reduced lead below 15 μg/L for most systems, some systems experienced an increase, perhaps attributable to particulate lead or lead-bearing components upstream of the faucet (e.g., valves, pumps). Results suggest that without including a focus on private as well as municipal systems it will be very difficult to meet the existing national public health goal to eliminate elevated blood lead levels in children.

scholarly journals Co-Occurrence of Metal Contaminants in United States Public Water Systems in 2013–2015

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 7884
Author(s):  
Alesha K. Thompson ◽  
Michele M. Monti ◽  
Matthew O. Gribble
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
System Level ◽  
Metal Contaminants ◽  
Total Chromium ◽  
Geometric Means ◽  
Public Water Systems

The United States Environmental Protection Agency monitors contaminants in drinking water and consolidates these results in the National Contaminant Occurrence Database. Our objective was to assess the co-occurrence of metal contaminants (total chromium, hexavalent chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, cobalt, and strontium) over the years 2013–2015. We used multilevel Tobit regression models with state and water system-level random intercepts to predict the geometric mean of each contaminant occurring in each public water system, and estimated the pairwise correlations of predicted water system-specific geometric means across contaminants. We found that the geometric means of vanadium and total chromium were positively correlated both in large public water systems (r = 0.45, p < 0.01) and in small public water systems (r = 0.47, p < 0.01). Further research may address the cumulative human health impacts of ingesting more than one contaminant in drinking water.

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