From individual response to population ecology: Environmental factors restricting survival of vegetative bacteria at solid-air interfaces

2021 ◽  
Vol 773 ◽  
pp. 144982
Author(s):  
Rosha Pashang ◽  
Kimberley A. Gilbride
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Population Ecology ◽  
Individual Response ◽  
Air Interfaces

Population Ecology (Organizational Ecology): An Experiential Exercise Demonstrating How Organizations in an Industry Are Born, Change, and Die

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-397
Author(s):  
Karen MacMillan ◽  
Jennifer Komar
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Systems Thinking ◽  
Population Ecology ◽  
Organizational Ecology ◽  
Organizational Size ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Random Chance ◽  
Longitudinal Approach

This article describes a classroom exercise that is designed to help students understand the basic tenets of population ecology (also known as organizational ecology). The macro-level, longitudinal approach to understanding organizations can be difficult for students to conceptualize as it involves systems thinking. This exercise makes the theory come alive by asking students to put themselves directly into the role of an organizational decision maker in an evolving industry. Over the course of one class, students get to experience how organizational size/age, environmental factors, and even random chance can affect organizational success and the makeup of an industry. Simulating up to a decade or more, students learn that populations of organizations change in predictable ways. We have tested this exercise with hundreds of students and we present evidence that it is effective in teaching the principles of population ecology (postexercise testing average of 92%) and also engaging and enjoyable for students.

Population Ecology of the Itertidal Anemone Actinia tenebrosa. III. Dynamics and Environmental Factors

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Ottaway
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Population Ecology ◽  
Benthic Invertebrates ◽  
Rocky Intertidal ◽  
Column Diameter ◽  
Juvenile Mortality ◽  
Impact Injuries

An isolated subpopulation of A. tenebrosa was studied, for three years, on the rocky intertidal coast at Kaikoura, New Zealand. The number of adults remained very stable: 94% of adults first seen in November 1973 survived until the observations were concluded. Adults died mainly from impact injuries caused by moving rocks and logs during gales. The number of juveniles in the colony fluctuated markedly from season to season, between 81 and 225 % of the number first seen. Most settlement was in the summer months, but some occurred throughout the year. The main causes of juvenile mortality were, in order of decreasing importance, failure to successfully attach leading to probable predation by benthic invertebrates, desiccation at low tides, dislodgement or crushing by grazing molluscs, impact injuries during gales, and exposure to combinations of excessive desiccation and high temperatures at low tides. Adult mortalities appeared to be independent of size. The rate of mortality of juveniles in their first 20 days after release from brooding adults is largely independent of juvenile size. After that, the mortality rate is negatively correlated with size until juveniles exceed about 15 mm column diameter: the smaller juveniles are more susceptible to both desiccation at low tide and to fatal interference from grazing molluscs.

scholarly journals Bacterial survival at solid-air interfaces: from individual response to population ecology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roshanak Pashang
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Response ◽  
Pseudomonas Stutzeri ◽  
Individual Response ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Bacterial Survival ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Membrane Breakdown ◽  
Flexible Response ◽  
Air Interfaces ◽  
Short Term Survival

Acclimation and flexible response mechanisms are ancient survival modes allowing prokaryotic cells to conquer diverse habitats and maintain viability in nature. Evidently, lack of water significantly impacts cellular response making it vital for individual cells to benefit from population support and access survival means available beyond the cell boundaries. Microscopy of dried bacterial cells at solid-air interfaces suggested that cell membrane breakdown didn’t occur for months. Viable counts for Gram-positive Arthrobacter spp. and Gram-negative Pseudomonas stutzeri were significantly higher for larger population density during prolonged periods of desiccation and nutrient starvation. Presence of homogenized cells extended short-term survival of Arthrobacter spp. cells, while heat-killed cells significantly extended viability of all populations. It appeared that huddled zombielike cells allow preservation and recycling of essential survival components within a population. Understanding population-mediated survival at solid-air interfaces is key for monitoring and controlling bacteria including in deep geological repositories for nuclear waste management.

scholarly journals Population ecology of the planktonic shrimp Lucifer faxoni Borradaile, 1915 (Crustacea, Sergestoidea, Luciferidae) of the southeastern coast of Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah de Souza Alves Teodoro ◽  
Maria Lúcia Negreiros-Fransozo ◽  
Sabrina Morilhas Simões ◽  
Mateus Lopes ◽  
Rogerio Caetano da Costa
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Population Ecology ◽  
Littoral Zone ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Seasonal Distribution ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Short Life ◽  
Southeastern Coast ◽  
Rapid Turnover

Luciferid shrimps have short life spans and a rapid turnover of generations, engage in sequential spawning, and protect their eggs during incubation. This study investigates the ecology of Lucifer faxoni Borradaile, 1915 in the littoral zone, Ubatuba region, São Paulo. Sampling was conducted monthly from July 2005 to December 2006 using a Renfro net trawled over a distance of 50 m for a total sampling effort of 50 m² at each station. Nine stations were sampled, ranging from 1 to 15 m deep. Three stations each were grouped into zones 1, 2 and 3 (Z1, Z2 and Z3). Monthly values of salinity, temperature and rainfall were recorded at each station. The pre-buccal somite length (SL) of each specimen was measured. The results showed that in shallower zones (Z1 and Z2), 6306 individuals were captured, whereas in the deeper zone (Z3), 3808 specimens were captured, but no significant differences in SL was detected between the specimens from Z1 and Z2 and those from Z3 (ANOVA, p=0.25). The abundance of shrimps did not differ significantly between seasons (Tukey's test, p=0.02) except in the spring. The sex ratio differed significantly over the seasons (χ², p<0.05). The results were closely associated with environmental factors with respect to the spatial and seasonal distribution of L. faxoni. Rainfall affected salinity directly, and contributed to the displacement of these shrimps to deeper areas.

scholarly journals Bacterial survival at solid-air interfaces: from individual response to population ecology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roshanak Pashang
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Response ◽  
Pseudomonas Stutzeri ◽  
Individual Response ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Bacterial Survival ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Membrane Breakdown ◽  
Flexible Response ◽  
Air Interfaces ◽  
Short Term Survival

Acclimation and flexible response mechanisms are ancient survival modes allowing prokaryotic cells to conquer diverse habitats and maintain viability in nature. Evidently, lack of water significantly impacts cellular response making it vital for individual cells to benefit from population support and access survival means available beyond the cell boundaries. Microscopy of dried bacterial cells at solid-air interfaces suggested that cell membrane breakdown didn’t occur for months. Viable counts for Gram-positive Arthrobacter spp. and Gram-negative Pseudomonas stutzeri were significantly higher for larger population density during prolonged periods of desiccation and nutrient starvation. Presence of homogenized cells extended short-term survival of Arthrobacter spp. cells, while heat-killed cells significantly extended viability of all populations. It appeared that huddled zombielike cells allow preservation and recycling of essential survival components within a population. Understanding population-mediated survival at solid-air interfaces is key for monitoring and controlling bacteria including in deep geological repositories for nuclear waste management.

Interpreting Environments: Interest Group Response to Population Ecology Pressures

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren Halpin ◽  
Grant Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Interest Group ◽  
Population Ecology ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Group Response ◽  
The Way

Important articles in this Journal by Nownes in 2004 and Nownes and Lipinksi in 2005 demonstrate that ‘population ecology’ approaches are now central to interest group studies. Partly at least this move to study at population level is a consequence of the numbers of such organizations. Party scholars typically deal with far fewer cases and sui generis discussion is more defensible. Ecology seems to offer a ‘handle’ on the thousands of cases that exist in the interest group field. Nownes and Lipinski stressed the importance of environmental factors in determining group populations, and challenged group scholars to address the dynamics among interest group populations. This article argues that animal-based population ecology may be an imperfect analogy to use in making sense of group circumstances. It considers the way groups respond to opportunities and constraints.

scholarly journals Healthy Microbiota and Natural Functional Nutrition: Humoral and Cellular Immunity

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 127-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Romanchuk
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
The Body ◽  
Individual Response ◽  
Epigenetic Factors ◽  
Human Immune

The human immune system and microbiota jointly evolve, and their balanced systemic interaction occurs throughout life. This close association of both overall composition and microbiota richness plays an important role in modulating host immunity and can influence the immune response in vaccination. The availability of innovative technologies, such as next-generation sequencing and correlated bioinformatics tools, allows deeper investigation of the cross-network relationships between the microbiota and human immune responses. A new managed healthy biomicrobiota and personalized functional and balanced “brain and microbiota” nutrition is a patient’s long-term medical program that allows the combined use of nutritional epigenetics and pharmacepigenetics, and most importantly, the prevention of polypharmacy. A functional food product using biomarkers and artificial intelligence technologies is a targeted nutrient medium for both the body as a whole and biomicrobiota in particular. Lifestyle and environmental factors leave epigenetic traces on our DNA that affect gene expression, some have protective effects and others are harmful. Genetic and epigenetic factors that ensure longevity and super-longevity require a reasonable new interaction with nature and society, and responsibility for future healthy generations. In the studies of P. I. Romanchuk, it was shown that an increase in the average life expectancy of a person and neuroendocrine changes in physiological and pathological aging, on the one hand, epigenetic factors and electromagnetic information load/overload, on the other hand, made a significant contribution to the circadian nature of the neural network interaction of the human brain with artificial intelligence. The microbiota is a key element potentially capable of affecting antigen functions to elicit a protective immune response and the ability of the immune system to adequately respond to antigenic stimulation (vaccine efficacy) by acting as an immunological modulator as well as a natural vaccine adjuvant. The mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the immune system play a crucial role, especially at an early age (early gut microbiota forms immunological functions). New interactions, along with other genetic and environmental factors, lead to a certain composition and richness of the microbiota, which can diversify the individual response to vaccinations. Variations in microbial communities may partly explain the geographical heterogeneity in vaccination success, and a deep understanding of this dynamics may be a tool for improving immunization strategies.

Reductionist thinking and animal models in neuropsychiatric research

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Baran
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Developmental Genetic ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Mechanisms Of Plasticity

AbstractReductionist thinking in neuroscience is manifest in the widespread use of animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders. Broader investigations of diverse behaviors in non-model organisms and longer-term study of the mechanisms of plasticity will yield fundamental insights into the neurobiological, developmental, genetic, and environmental factors contributing to the “massively multifactorial system networks” which go awry in mental disorders.

The dual nature of obesity in metabolic programming: quantity versus quality of adipose tissue

2020 ◽  
Vol 134 (18) ◽  
pp. 2447-2451
Author(s):  
Anissa Viveiros ◽  
Gavin Y. Oudit
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Metabolic Programming ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Adipose Tissue Volume ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Metabolically Healthy

Abstract The global prevalence of obesity has been rising at an alarming rate, accompanied by an increase in both childhood and maternal obesity. The concept of metabolic programming is highly topical, and in this context, describes a predisposition of offspring of obese mothers to the development of obesity independent of environmental factors. Research published in this issue of Clinical Science conducted by Litzenburger and colleagues (Clin. Sci. (Lond.) (2020) 134, 921–939) have identified sex-dependent differences in metabolic programming and identify putative signaling pathways involved in the differential phenotype of adipose tissue between males and females. Delineating the distinction between metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity is a topic of emerging interest, and the precise nature of adipocytes are key to pathogenesis, independent of adipose tissue volume.

Shared Responsibilities for Full Participation in Society: Planning Further Integration of the ICF Into AAC

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
pp. 83-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Blake Huer ◽  
Travis T. Threats
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Augmentative And Alternative Communication ◽  
Functional Limitations ◽  
Community Support ◽  
World Health ◽  
International Classification Of Functioning ◽  
Personal Factors ◽  
Social Service Agencies ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Full Participation

The World Health Organization's (WHO's) 2001 International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF) has as one of its central tenets the full inclusion of persons with disabilities in society. It acknowledges the need for medical and rehabilitation intervention in its biopscychosocial framework. However, the WHO realizes that society must do its part to facilitate this full participation and empowerment. Persons with complex communication needs (PWCCN) often need augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) in order to express themselves. However, in order to access and successfully use AAC, PWCCN need access to the necessary AAC devices and services, as well as a willing society to interact with them as full contributing members of society. The factors outside of a person's specific physical and/or cognitive functional limitations are addressed in the ICF via the Personal and Environmental Factors. Personal Factors include the individual's personality traits, lifestyle, experiences, social/educational/professional background, race, gender, and age. Environmental Factors include community support systems, social service agencies, governments, social networks, and those persons that interact with the PWCCN. This article addresses the sociopolitical influences on PWCCN and their functioning from a human rights perspective. The necessary introspective role of speech-language pathologists in this process is explored.

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