Economic sustainability of organic cultivation of Assam tea produced by small-scale growers

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 111-125
Author(s):  
Nabajyoti Deka ◽  
Kishor Goswami
Keyword(s):  
Small Scale ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
Organic Cultivation ◽  
Assam Tea

scholarly journals The Socio-Economics Factors in Family Farms with Different Economic Sustainability Levels from Central and Eastern Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8262
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży ◽  
Marta Guth ◽  
Adam Majchrzak ◽  
Andreea Cipriana Muntean ◽  
Silvia Stefania Maican
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Small Family ◽  
Generational Changes

Economic sustainability plays an important role in shaping conditions for economic growth and social development. The importance of answering the question about the level of sustainability of family farms results from the fact that the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, apart from exceptions (e.g. the Czech Republic and Slovakia), are characterized by a fragmented agrarian structure. Hence, the main goal of this article was to answer two questions: 1) whether the countries of Central and Eastern Europe differ in the level of economic sustainability of small family farms; and 2) whether the same socioeconomic factors impact similarly on the level of economic sustainability of small family farms from countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The study was based on surveys conducted in small family farms: in 2018 from Poland (672 farms) and in 2019 in four other countries (Lithuania; 999 farms, Romania; 834 farms, Serbia; 523 farms, Moldova; 530 farms). The publication includes a critical analysis of the literature, structure analysis and correlation analysis. The results show the occurrence of large differences between the economic sustainability of small family farms from the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The research indicates that the larger the area of a small-scale family farm, the greater its economic sustainability. The productivity of these farms increases with their economic sustainability. The results also prove a negative relationship between the age of the farmer and the economic sustainability of their farm in all analysed countries. These trends were found in all analysed countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The results of the analyses support the conclusion that agricultural policy instruments aimed at increasing the economic sustainability of small family farms should lead to: land consolidation, a decrease in the age of farm owners through generational changes, and a decrease in employment in agriculture, which would lead to a reduction in labour input in the agricultural sector.

scholarly journals Foreign investment in emerging legal medicinal cannabis markets: the Jamaica case study

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Rychert ◽  
Machel Anthony Emanuel ◽  
Chris Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Production Quality ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Organic Cultivation ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
Political Interference ◽  
Medicinal Cannabis ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction The establishment of a legal market for medicinal cannabis under the Dangerous Drugs Amendment Act 2015 has positioned Jamaica at the forefront of cannabis law reform in the developing world. Many local cannabis businesses have attracted investment from overseas, including from Canada, US and Europe. Aim To explore the opportunities and risks of foreign investment in an emerging domestic legal cannabis market in a developing country. Methods Thematic analysis of semi-structured face-to-face interviews with 22 key informants (KIs) from the Jamaican government, local cannabis industry, academia and civil society, and field observations of legal and illegal cannabis cultivators. Results KIs from the Jamaican public agencies and domestic cannabis entrepreneurs saw foreign investment as an essential source of capital to finance the start-up costs of legal cannabis businesses. Local cannabis entrepreneurs prioritised investors with the greatest financial resources, brand reputation and export networks. They also considered how allied an investor was with their business vision (e.g., organic cultivation, medical vs. recreational). The key benefits of partnering with a foreign investor included transfer of technical knowledge and financial capital, which enhanced production, quality assurance and seed-to-sale tracking. Some KIs expressed concern over investors’ focus on increasing production efficiency and scale at the expense of funding research and development (R&D) and clinical trials. KIs from the local industry, government agencies and civil society highlighted the risks of ‘predatory’ shareholder agreements and domestic political interference. Concerns were raised about the impact of foreign investment on the diversity of the domestic cannabis sector in Jamaica, including the commitment to transition traditional illegal small-scale cannabis cultivators to the legal sector. Conclusion While foreign investment has facilitated the commercialisation of the cannabis sector in Jamaica, regulatory measures are also needed to protect the domestic industry and support the transition of small-scale illegal cultivators to the legal regime. Foreign investments may alter the economic, social and political determinants of health in transitioning from illegal to legal cannabis market economy.

scholarly journals Transport Cost Estimation Model of the Agroforestry Biomass in a Small-Scale Energy Chain

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Giulio Sperandio ◽  
Andrea Acampora ◽  
Vincenzo Civitarese ◽  
Sofia Bajocco ◽  
Marco Bascietto
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Transport Cost ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
Transport Costs ◽  
Energy Chain ◽  
Biomass Power Plant

The delivery of biomass products from the production place to the point of final use is of fundamental importance within the constitution of energy chains based on biomass use as renewable energy source. In fact, transport can be one of the most economically expensive operations of the entire biomass energy production process. In this work, a geographic identification, through remote sensing and photo-interpretation, of the different biomass sources was used to estimate the potential available biomass for energy in a small-scale supply chain. The economic sustainability of transport costs was calculated for different types of biomass sources available close to a biomass power plant of a small-scale energy supply chain, in central Italy. The proposed analysis allows us to highlight and visualize on the map the areas of the territory characterized by greater economic sustainability in terms of lower transport costs of residual agroforestry biomass from the collection point to the final point identified with the biomass power plant. The higher transport cost was around € 40 Mg−1, compared to the lowest of € 12 Mg−1.

DEVELOPMENT OF MILK PRODUCTION IN UKRAINE AND ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY OF THE DAIRY COMPLEX

2019 ◽  
pp. 8-15
Author(s):  
Vitalii NITSENKO ◽  
Yuriy I. DANKO
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
The State ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Starting Point

The aim of the study was to develop theoretical, methodological and practical foundations for achieving the economic sustainability of dairy products by enterprises. The structure of the dairy subcomplex in terms of supply chain management is disclosed. This methodological approach made it possible to outline the external environment of the milk production and the dairy industry as a whole. We consider the category «economic sustainability» as the system ability to maintain its working condition in order to achieve the planned results in the presence of various perturbation effects (destabilizing internal and external factors). The starting point was the hypothesis that the economic sustainability of the dairy subcomplex as a whole depends on the economic sustainability of milk production entities (agricultural enterprises and households). Comparing the profitability level that has the potential to provide dynamic economic stability with the average in the dairy industry proves - without active state support the dairy industry in Ukraine is in danger of phasing out. The analysis of economic practices in Ukraine (in particular, data of the State Statistics Service) allowed to formulate the author's vision of the directions of achieving the dairy sub-sector of the state of dynamic economic stability. They include: the development of industrial dairy cattle as opposed to the dominance of small-scale production; changes in pricing policy, as well as the calculation of government subsidies by reformatting approaches to determining the cost of milk production, which will allow to adjust the reproduction system of own livestock and will increase the profitability of the dairy industry; achievement of higher quality of dairy raw materials by means of logistical re-equipment of farms, improvement of personnel qualification, provision of high sanitary standards, improvement of veterinary services; diversification of milk distribution channels in order to reduce the market power of the processing industry enterprises. Key words: milk production, economic sustainability, dairy subcomplex, industrial cattle breeding, dairy cattle breeding.

scholarly journals Organic production of native potato landrace “pintaboca” (Solanum stenotomum Juz. & Bukasov) in Bolivia: experimenting planting times and cultivation strategies

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-38
Author(s):  
G. Luziatelli, M. Sørensen S.-E. Jacobsen, N. Ortuño, A. Angulo, F. Terrazas
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Solanum Stenotomum ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Early Planting ◽  
Organic Cultivation ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Significant Difference

In the municipality of Colomi, in the highlands of Bolivia, market pressure leads small scale farmers to substitute their native landraces with commercial potato varieties. Organic cultivation might offer a channel for selling native potatoes to an emerging industry of coloured native potato crisps. Nevertheless, as the area is endemic for late blight (Phytophthora infestans), adequate cultivation practices that allow organic production must be defined. The present experiment compared four cultivation strategies (two organic, which included the use of beneficial microoorganisms applied in the soil and through foliar spray, one conventional, which included cymoxanil and mancozeb based fungicides and a control with the same soil treatment as the organic strategies but no foliar spray) and two planting dates (early and main season planting) on a native potato landrace locally known as ‘pintabocaʼ (Solanum stenotomum). Our results showed that early planting resulted in significantly higher yields, although the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) of late blight did not differ significantly between planting dates. The lower yields in the plot planted during the main season were mainly due to the combined incidence of early and late blight. There was no significant difference in yields and quality of the tubers cultivated with conventional, organic or control treatment, with the exception that the largest tuber size category was produced only in the conventional treatment. We conclude that farmers in Colomi who want to shift to organic cultivation of the landrace ʻpintabocaʼ at altitudes around 3,300 m a.s.l. could benefit from practicing early planting, although additional trials covering several seasons are needed to confirm our results.

scholarly journals Economic Sustainability of Small-Scale Hydroelectric Plants on National Scale – The Italian Case Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Raimondi ◽  
Filippo Bettoni ◽  
Alberto Bianchi ◽  
Gianfranco Becciu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
Future Trend ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
Italian Case ◽  
Analysis Of Results ◽  
Hydroelectric Plants ◽  
Available Technology ◽  
Project Life

The feasibility of hydroelectric plants depends on a variety of factors: water resource regime, geo-graphical, geological and environmental context, available technology, construction cost and eco-nomic value of produced energy. Choices about the building or renewal of hydroelectric plants should be based on the forecast of the future trend of these factors at least during the project life of the system. Focusing on the economic value of the produced energy this paper examines its influ-ence on the feasibility of hydroelectric plants. Analysis, referred to Italian case, were based on three different phases: i) the economic sustainability of small-scale hydroelectric plants under a minimum price guaranteed to the hydroelectric operator; ii) the estimate of the incentives to reach the thresholds of "acceptability" and "bankability" of the investment; iii) the analysis of results ob-tained in the previous phases using a model of the evolution of the electricity price in the period 2014-2100.

scholarly journals Economic Sustainability of Small-Scale Hydroelectric Plants on a National Scale—The Italian Case Study

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1170
Author(s):  
Anita Raimondi ◽  
Filippo Bettoni ◽  
Alberto Bianchi ◽  
Gianfranco Becciu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
Future Trend ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
National Scale ◽  
Italian Case ◽  
Incentive Policy ◽  
Hydroelectric Plants ◽  
Available Technology

The feasibility of hydroelectric plants depends on a variety of factors: water resource regime, geographical, geological and environmental context, available technology, construction cost, and economic value of the energy produced. Choices for the building or renewal of hydroelectric plants should be based on a forecast of the future trend of these factors at least during the projected lifespan of the system. In focusing on the economic value of the energy produced, this paper examines its influence on the feasibility of hydroelectric plants. This analysis, referred to as the Italian case, is based on three different phases: (i) the economic sustainability of small-scale hydroelectric plants under a minimum price guaranteed to the hydroelectric operator; (ii) an estimate of the incentives for reaching the thresholds of “acceptability” and “bankability” of the investment; (iii) an analysis of the results obtained in the previous phases using a model of the evolution of the electricity price over the 2014–2100 period. With reference to the Italian case, the analysis suggests that, to maintain the attractiveness of the sector, it is necessary to safeguard the access to a minimum guaranteed price. With the current tariff plan, complete sustainability is only achieved for plants with p ≤ 100 kW. For the remaining sizes, investments under current conditions would not be profitable. The extension of minimum guaranteed prices could make new medium-large plants (500–1000 kW) more attractive. The current incentive policy is not effective for the development of plants larger than 250 kW, as systems with lower capital expenditures are preferred. Uncertainty about the evolution of the price of energy over time is a concern for the sector; the use of evolutionary models of technical economic analysis tried to reduce these criticalities, and it was shown that they can be transformed into opportunities. It was also found that profitability due to the growing trend expected for the price of energy cannot be highlighted by a traditional analysis.

scholarly journals Organic Pineapple Production Technology in Tripura – The lone AEZ for Fruits in North East India

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Utpal Das
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Ananas Comosus ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
North East India ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
North East ◽  
Organic Cultivation

Tripura is a land of high hills, hillocks, interspersed with rivers and valleys having moderately warm and humid climate, well distributed annual rainfall of 2500 mm. The terrain soil and climate of Tripura are ideally suited for rain-fed Horticulture. Tripura, being endowed with fertile soils, abundant moisture and sub-tropical climate offer immense scope for production of a wide variety of tropical and sub-tropical fruits. The climatic conditions of the state suitable for production of a large variety of horticultural crops chief among which include ‘Queen’ and ‘Kew’; varieties of Pineapple. Pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) is a monoecious, monocotyledonous, monocarpic and xerophytic herbaceous perennial plant and its perennial in nature is propitiated through suckers. ‘Queen’ and ‘Kew’ (‘Smooth Cayenne’) are the main cultivars grown in different parts of Tripura. Among the states of north east India Assam is leading in terms of area and production and Tripura is just behind the Assam both in terms of area and production. Tripura produces 178.45 thousand MT from 12.57 thousand ha area (Anonymous, 2017), which is India’s fifth leading state of in pineapple production and Tripura is also share 9.30 per cent of India’s total pineapple production. The variety ‘Queen’ being the most popular for fresh consumption and occupying the largest area. These varieties are well known in the rest of the country. These Fruit products are free of any chemical residue thus making the fruits of Tripura products of organic farming. Pineapple production for export market is a realistic for organic cultivation for small scale organic farmers. The positive effects of organic pineapple production by default in Tripura competing on the global export market for pineapple.

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