Investigating long-term effects of subsurface drainage on soil structure in paddy fields

2018 ◽  
Vol 177 ◽  
pp. 155-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Jafari Talukolaee ◽  
Abdullah Darzi Naftchali ◽  
Lotfullah Zare Parvariji ◽  
Mirkhalegh Z. Ahmadi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Structure ◽  
Subsurface Drainage ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Long Term Effects

Long-term Effects of Organic Waste Fertilizers on Soil Structure, Tracer Transport, and Leaching of Colloids

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 862-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Duus Stevens Lekfeldt ◽  
Charlotte Kjaergaard ◽  
Jakob Magid
Keyword(s):  
Soil Structure ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Tracer Transport ◽  
Long Term Effects

scholarly journals Integrating Irrigation and Drainage Management to Sustain Agriculture in Northern Iran

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Darzi-Naftchali ◽  
Henk Ritzema
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Subsurface Drainage ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Nutrient Loads ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Drainage Systems

In Iran, as in the rest of the world, land and water for agricultural production is under pressure. Integrating irrigation and drainage management may help sustain intensified agriculture in irrigated paddy fields. This study was aimed to investigate the long-term effects of such management strategies in a newly subsurface drained paddy field in a pilot area in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. Three strategies for managing subsurface drainage systems were tested, i.e., free drainage (FD), midseason drainage (MSD), and alternate wetting and drying (AWD). The pilot area consisted of subsurface drainage systems, with different combinations of drain depth (0.65 and 0.90 m) and spacing (15 and 30 m). The traditional surface drainage of the region’s consolidated paddy fields was the control. From 2011 to 2017, water table depth, subsurface drainage system outflow and nitrate, total phosphorous, and salinity levels of the drainage effluent were monitored during four rice- and five canola-growing seasons. Yield data was also collected. MSD and AWD resulted in significantly lower drainage rates, salt loads, and N losses compared to FD, with MSD having the lowest rates. Phosphorus losses were low for all three practices. However, AWD resulted in 36% higher rice yields than MSD. Subsurface drainage resulted in a steady increase in canola yield, from 0.89 ton ha−1 in 2011–2012 to 2.94 ton ha−1 in 2016–2017. Overall, it can be concluded that managed subsurface drainage can increase both water productivity and crop yield in poorly drained paddy fields, and at the same time reduce or minimize negative environmental effects, especially the reduction of salt and nutrient loads in the drainage effluent. Based on the results, shallow subsurface drainage combined with appropriate irrigation and drainage management can enable sustained agricultural production in northern Iran’s paddy fields.

Long-term effects of conventional and reduced tillage on soil structure, soil ecological and soil hydraulic properties

Geoderma ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 332 ◽  
pp. 10-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen Schlüter ◽  
Caroline Großmann ◽  
Julius Diel ◽  
Gi-Mick Wu ◽  
Sabine Tischer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Structure ◽  
Hydraulic Properties ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Soil Hydraulic Properties ◽  
Soil Hydraulic

Long-Term Effects of Subsurface Drainage on Performance of Asphalt Pavements

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110326
Author(s):  
Pinyu Ji ◽  
Hongren Gong ◽  
Lin Cong ◽  
Xiaoyang Jia ◽  
Baoshan Huang
Keyword(s):  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Subsurface Drainage ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Pavement Performance ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Longitudinal Cracking ◽  
Long Term Performance ◽  
Term Performance

This study investigated the effects of subsurface drainage on the long-term performance of pavements. The Specific Pavement Study 1 (SPS-1) experiment of the Long-Term Pavement Performance Program (LTPP) was selected to extract performance data. Four types of cracking, rut depth, and International Roughness Index (IRI) were used as the performance indicators. Other relevant factors affecting the pavement performance were also considered: surface thickness, base type, base thickness, subgrade soil classification, total thickness, age, and climatic conditions. The significant factors to long-term performance were identified using two methods: exploratory data analyses and mixed-effects models (MEMs). Results from the analyses showed that drainage only substantially affected the transverse cracking (TC) and rutting and had little effect on the other performance indicators. Sections in the dry and non-freeze region had the best riding quality and exhibited the least alligator cracking, non-wheelpath longitudinal cracking (NWPLC), and TC, but this climatic condition worsened the wheelpath longitudinal cracking (WPLC). The use of drainage in sections from the wet-freeze (WF) region significantly retarded the development of distress. For drained sections, the base comprising an asphalt-treated base over a permeable asphalt-treated base (PATB) better sustained the smoothness and resisted rutting. For undrained sections, the asphalt-treated base was a superior alternative. Sections on sites with fine subgrade showed less WPLC, NWPLC, and TC, while those on coarse subgrade sites showed less alligator cracking and better riding quality. Sections on sites with fine subgrade showed less WPLC, NWPLC, and TC, while those on coarse subgrade sites showed less alligator cracking and better riding quality.

Effects of liming on soil structure and GHG fluxes at three spruce sites in SW Germany

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Maier ◽  
Valentin Gartiser ◽  
Verena Lang ◽  
Raphael Habel ◽  
Lelde Jansone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Gas ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Gas Diffusivity ◽  
Humus Layer

<p>Forest soils in Central Europe received massive atmospheric deposition of SO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> during the second half of the 20<sup>th</sup> century. The resulting fast acidification of the soils was accompanied by massive forest dieback and problematic nutrient imbalances at some sites. After the emissions of SO<sub>2</sub> have been reduced in the 80´s and 90´s, the situation of acidic deposition has been gradually improving. Yet, the deposition of N compounds remains high and still has an impact on forest ecosystems. Natural soil development and “regeneration” is a slow process, which is why other options were investigated to recover heavily affected forest soils. A well-known means to mitigate the observed effects of the anthropogenic acidification surges is liming, i.e. the application of minerals such as CaCO<sub>3</sub> and CaMg(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> that are able to buffer strong acids. Liming directly affects soil pH which is a “master variable” of the soil. Soil pH, and thus, liming, affects and interacts with many soil processes from mineralization of organic matter and humification, to (de-) stabilization soil structure, nutrient availability and mobility, plant growth and more.</p><p>Several study sites were established in the 1980 in Baden-Wuerttemberg to study long term effects of liming on soil structure and forest growth. At all sites a “control” plot and a “limed” plot were established next to each other. The limed plots were treated with approx. 3 t ha<sup>-1</sup> of CaCO<sub>3</sub> in the 1980´s and 6 t ha<sup>-1</sup> of Ca/MgCO<sub>3 </sub>in 2003. Here we report on results from three sites (Bad Waldsee, Hospital, Herzogenweiler) with Spruce stands (70-110 years), where long term effects of liming on the physical soil structure and soil gas profiles (2017-2019) were studied (Jansone et al., 2020). Liming resulted in a reduction of the thickness of the humus layer and a blurring of the previously clearly separated boundary between the mineral soil and the humus layer. Even though total pore space in the top soil was slightly reduced at the limed plots, soil gas diffusivity was higher at a given air-filled pore-space. This indicates a better connectivity in the air-filled pores, that means more larger pores connecting the atmosphere at the soil surface and the mineral soil. Soil CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations showed clear seasonal patterns and a typical increase with depth. Higher CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations tend to be found in the un-limed control plots. Soil CH<sub>4</sub> concentrations at the soil–humus interface were closer to atmospheric concentrations in the limed plots compared to the control plots. This can be interpreted as an effect of the decrease in the thickness of the humus layer and the increase in the soil gas diffusivity (better aeration) or in a reduced activity of the methanotrophic community.</p><p> </p><p>Acknowledgement</p><p>This research was financially supported by Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft (BMEL), grant number 28W-B-4-075-02 (2018–2021).</p><p><em>Literature</em></p><p><em>Jansone, L., von Wilpert, K. and Hartmann, P., 2020. Natural Recovery and Liming Effects in Acidified Forest Soils in SW-Germany. Soil Systems, 4(38): 1-35.</em></p>

LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF INTENSIVE CULTIVATION ON SOIL QUALITY IN THE POTATO-GROWING AREAS OF NEW BRUNSWICK (CANADA) AND MAINE (U.S.A.)

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. SAINI ◽  
W. J. GRANT
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Potato Yield ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Stone Removal

Reviewing the research conducted in New Brunswick (Canada) and Maine (U.S.A.), this paper discusses the unfavorable effects of stone removal on potato yield, soil temperature, moisture, compaction and erodibility of soil. Data presented also show that continuous cropping of potatoes is detrimental to soil structure and soil fertility.

Effects of 15 years of conservation tillage on soil structure and productivity of wheat cultivation in northern China

Soil Research ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongwen Li ◽  
Huanwen Gao ◽  
Hongdan Wu ◽  
Wenying Li ◽  
Xiaoyan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Structure ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Total N ◽  
Dryland Farming

An understanding of long-term tillage and straw management impact on soil structure and productivity is necessary for the further development of conservation tillage practice in dryland farming areas. Data from a 15-year field experiment conducted in Shanxi, on the loess plateau of northern China, were used to compare the long-term effects of no-till and residue cover (NTSC) with conventional tillage (CT) in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) monoculture. Long-term CT and straw removal resulted in poor soil structure and low productivity. Mean soil bulk density in NTSC was 1.5% less than in CT and capillary porosity (<60 μm) 3.2% greater. Water stability of macro-aggregates >2 mm was much greater for NTSC in the 0–0.20 m profile. Soil organic matter and total N and P were 27.9%, 25.6%, and 4.4% greater in NTSC, respectively, and earthworms (19/m2) were found only in the no tillage treatment. Crop yield and water use efficiency tended to be higher under NTSC than under CT, especially in the years of low rainfall, suggesting that the change in soil structure has provided a better environment for crop development. Our 15-year experimental data indicate that NTSC is a more sustainable farming system, which can improve soil structure, and increase productivity with positive environmental impacts in the rainfed dryland farming areas of northern China.

Ovarian Dysfunction in Fetally Irradiated Beagles

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 658-659
Author(s):  
T. M. Seed ◽  
M. H. Sanderson ◽  
D. L. Gutzeit ◽  
T. E. Fritz ◽  
D. V. Tolle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Ovarian Dysfunction ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Ovarian Pathology ◽  
Normal Offspring

The developing mammalian fetus is thought to be highly sensitive to ionizing radiation. However, dose, dose-rate relationships are not well established, especially the long term effects of protracted, low-dose exposure. A previous report (1) has indicated that bred beagle bitches exposed to daily doses of 5 to 35 R 60Co gamma rays throughout gestation can produce viable, seemingly normal offspring. Puppies irradiated in utero are distinguishable from controls only by their smaller size, dental abnormalities, and, in adulthood, by their inability to bear young.We report here our preliminary microscopic evaluation of ovarian pathology in young pups continuously irradiated throughout gestation at daily (22 h/day) dose rates of either 0.4, 1.0, 2.5, or 5.0 R/day of gamma rays from an attenuated 60Co source. Pups from non-irradiated bitches served as controls. Experimental animals were evaluated clinically and hematologically (control + 5.0 R/day pups) at regular intervals.

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