Interfacial microstructure and mechanical reliability of the Sn-Ag-Cu/Au/Pd(xP)/Ni(P) reactive system: P content effects

The use of solid organic fertilizer in closed agricultural production system must be combined with foliar application to improve fertilizing effectiveness. Nutrient contents in tissues of green biomass determine the quality of liquid organic fertilizer. Six potential green biomasses, Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray, Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp., Leucaena leucocephala (Lamk.) de Wit, Ageratum conyzoides L., Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, and banana corms were identified its nutrient contents. Samples were dried at 60 oC for 48 hours, grinded, analyzed for N, P, K, Ca-ex, Mg-ex, C, cellulose and lignin contents. Results indicated that T. diversifolia and A. conyzoides had the highest N content compared to other biomasses. A. conyzoides had the highest P content, followed by T. diversifolia. A. conyzoides had the highest K content, followed by G. sepium. The highest Ca-ex content was in L. leucocephala, followed by A. conyzoides. The highest Mg-ex content was found in A. conyzoides, followed by L. leucocephala. The highest C content was found in E.crassipes, followed by G. Sepium. T. diversifolia had the highest cellulose content, followed by E.crassipes. Lignin content of all biomasses was similar. Lastly, E.crassipes had the highest C/N compared to other biomass, and both T. diversifolia and A. conyzoides had the lowest C/N. It is concluded that A. conyzoides is the most promising green biomass for production of liquid organic fertilizer, followed by T. diversifolia and G. sepium.

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Phosphorus sorption characteristics of a light-weight aggregate

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2003.0290 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 48 (5) ◽

pp. 93-100 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

T. Zhu ◽

T. Maehlum ◽

P.D. Jenssen ◽

T. Krogstad

Keyword(s):

Grain Size ◽

Light Weight ◽

Phosphorus Sorption ◽

P Sorption ◽

P Concentration ◽

System P ◽

P Content ◽

Fractionation Analysis ◽

Light Weight Aggregate ◽

P Retention

A light-weight aggregate (LWA) made of expanded clay used as a filter media in wastewater treatment, was tested for sorption of phosphorus (P) in laboratory experiments. The objectives were to investigate the different P retention pools and how grain size, time, temperature and changed P concentration influenced the P binding mechanisms in this type of filter. Three different grain sizes (0-2 mm, 2-4 mm and 0-4 mm) were tested in a batch experiment. The isotherm for the P sorbed by the contact medium (including retention and fixation) was obtained under laboratory conditions. Fifty percent of the P sorption occurred in the first 4-8 hours. Temperature did not substantially influence P sorption for 0-2 mm grain size LWA. In the LWA suspension system, P desorption did not occur when the P content in the loading solution decreased. Fractionation analysis indicated that Ca-bound P, loosely-bound P, and Al-bound P were the predominant P retention pools. The loosely-bound P pool was determined primarily by the equilibrated P concentration in the system. Fe-bound P was negligible in the P sorption of LWA.

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Defect Control and Interfacial Microstructure of Laminated Composites of TiB2-Based Ceramic to 1Cr18Ni9Ti Stainless Steel by Reaction Fusion Bonding

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.633.198 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 633 ◽

pp. 198-203

Author(s):

De Jun Yin ◽

Zhong Min Zhao ◽

Bao Jun Wu ◽

Long Zhang ◽

Ya Lin Song

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Volume Fraction ◽

Laminated Composite ◽

Interfacial Microstructure ◽

Reactive System ◽

Primary System ◽

Liquid Diffusion ◽

Solid Precipitation ◽

Defect Control ◽

Metal Microstructure

By taking Ti-B4C and CrO3-Al as the primary system and the subsystem respectively, the curve dependence of CrO3-Al subsystem on the adiabatic temperature of the reactive system was calculated in chemical dynamics, and laminated composite with TiB2-based ceramic to stainless steel was achieved without Al2O3 inclusions and microcracks at the interface, and the intermediate was clearly presented between the ceramic and the stainless steel through liquid fusion and liquid diffusion of the ceramic liquid and the molten steel. Because of the differences in constitutional diffusion and solid precipitation, the hybrid microstructures was presented in the intermediate, i.e. within the intermediate the ceramic and metallic phases in different size were alternately distributed to form 3-D net ceramic-metal microstructure, while the continuously-graded microstructure from the TiB2 matrix ceramic to stainless steel was also presented in both volume fraction and size of the TiB2 and TiC phases.

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A one-pot tandem chemoselective allylation/cross-coupling via temperature control of a multi-nucleophile/electrophile system

Chemical Communications ◽

10.1039/c7cc05416e ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 53 (65) ◽

pp. 9139-9142 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Chao Xu ◽

James W. B. Fyfe ◽

Ciaran P. Seath ◽

Steven H. Bennett ◽

Allan J. B. Watson

Keyword(s):

Natural Product ◽

Temperature Control ◽

Cross Coupling ◽

Reactive System ◽

One Pot ◽

System P

Chemoselective control of a multi-reactive system allows two sequential C–C bond formations via two distinct reactivity modes, accessing pharmaceutical and natural product scaffolds.

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Interfacial microstructure and mechanical reliability of Cu pillar/Sn-3.5Ag bump for 3D packages

2011 IEEE 13th Electronics Packaging Technology Conference ◽

10.1109/eptc.2011.6184384 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Byung-Hyun Kwak ◽

Jae-Myeong Kim ◽

Myeong-Hyeok Jeong ◽

Kiwook Lee ◽

Jaedong Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Interfacial Microstructure ◽

Mechanical Reliability ◽

Cu Pillar

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Comparison of TEM and STM observations of small silver clusters on different carbon supports

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010017445x ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 264-265

Author(s):

Bernd Tesche ◽

Tobias Schilling

Keyword(s):

Vibration Isolation ◽

Pyrolytic Graphite ◽

Carbon Film ◽

Silver Clusters ◽

Carbon Supports ◽

Stacking Order ◽

System P ◽

High Resolution Tem ◽

High Degree ◽

Degree Of Order

The objective of our work is to determine:a) whether both of the imaging methods (TEM, STM) yield comparable data andb) which method is better suited for a reliable structure analysis of microclusters smaller than 1.5 nm, where a deviation of the bulk structure is expected.The silver was evaporated in a bell-jar system (p 10−5 pa) and deposited onto a 6 nm thick amorphous carbon film and a freshly cleaved highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG).The average deposited Ag thickness is 0.1 nm, controlled by a quartz crystal microbalance at a deposition rate of 0.02 nm/sec. The high resolution TEM investigations (100 kV) were executed by a hollow-cone illumination (HCI). For the STM investigations a commercial STM was used. With special vibration isolation we achieved a resolution of 0.06 nm (inserted diffraction image in Fig. 1c). The carbon film shows the remarkable reduction in noise by using HCI (Fig. 1a). The HOPG substrate (Fig. 1b), cleaved in sheets thinner than 30 nm for the TEM investigations, shows the typical arrangement of a nearly perfect stacking order and varying degrees of rotational disorder (i.e. artificial single crystals). The STM image (Fig. 1c) demonstrates the high degree of order in HOPG with atomic resolution.

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Effect of Multiple Reflows on the Mechanical Reliability of Solder Joint in LED Package

Korean Journal of Metals and Materials ◽

10.3365/kjmm.2010.48.11.1035 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 48 (11) ◽

pp. 1035-1040 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Young-Chul Lee ◽

Kwang-Seok Kim ◽

Ji-Hyuk Ahn ◽

Jeong-Won Yoon ◽

Min-Kwan Ko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solder Joint ◽

Mechanical Reliability

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Conclusion: What is Speculative Empiricism?

10.3366/edinburgh/9781474423045.003.0013 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Didier Debaise

Keyword(s):

Social Groups ◽

Speculative Philosophy ◽

System P ◽

History Of ◽

Selection Of

Process and Reality ends with a warning: ‘[t]he chief danger to philosophy is narrowness in the selection of evidence’ (PR, 337). Although this danger of narrowness might emerge from the ‘idiosyncrasies and timidities of particular authors, of particular social groups, of particular schools of thought, of particular epochs in the history of civilization’ (PR, 337), we should not be mistaken: it occurs within philosophy, in its activity, its method. And the fact that this issue arises at the end of Process and Reality reveals the ambition that has accompanied its composition: Whitehead has resisted this danger through the form and ambition of his speculative construction. The temptation of a narrowness in selection attempts to expel speculative philosophy at the same time as it haunts each part of its system.

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