Measurements of solid contaminant emission rates from boiling pools

2000 ◽  
Vol 55 (12) ◽  
pp. 2203-2212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham Dayan ◽  
Sylvia Zalmanovich ◽  
Amos Ullmann
Keyword(s):  
Emission Rates ◽  
Solid Contaminant

A Unified Model for Photophysical and Electro-Optical Properties of Green Fluorescent Proteins

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi-Yun Lin ◽  
Matthew Romei ◽  
Luke Oltrogge ◽  
Irimpan Mathews ◽  
Steven Boxer
Keyword(s):  
Driving Force ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Charge Transfer Band ◽  
Photophysical Properties ◽  
Polymethine Dyes ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Unified Framework ◽  
Underlying Factor ◽  
Green Fluorescent ◽  
Protein Environment

Green fluorescent protein (GFPs) have become indispensable imaging and optogenetic tools. Their absorption and emission properties can be optimized for specific applications. Currently, no unified framework exists to comprehensively describe these photophysical properties, namely the absorption maxima, emission maxima, Stokes shifts, vibronic progressions, extinction coefficients, Stark tuning rates, and spontaneous emission rates, especially one that includes the effects of the protein environment. In this work, we study the correlations among these properties from systematically tuned GFP environmental mutants and chromophore variants. Correlation plots reveal monotonic trends, suggesting all these properties are governed by one underlying factor dependent on the chromophore's environment. By treating the anionic GFP chromophore as a mixed-valence compound existing as a superposition of two resonance forms, we argue that this underlying factor is defined as the difference in energy between the two forms, or the driving force, which is tuned by the environment. We then introduce a Marcus-Hush model with the bond length alternation vibrational mode, treating the GFP absorption band as an intervalence charge transfer band. This model explains all the observed strong correlations among photophysical properties; related subtopics are extensively discussed in Supporting Information. Finally, we demonstrate the model's predictive power by utilizing the additivity of the driving force. The model described here elucidates the role of the protein environment in modulating photophysical properties of the chromophore, providing insights and limitations for designing new GFPs with desired phenotypes. We argue this model should also be generally applicable to both biological and non-biological polymethine dyes.<br>

Lepton emission rates of 43−64V isotopes under stellar conditions

New Astronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 101608
Author(s):  
Ramoona Shehzadi ◽  
Jameel-Un Nabi ◽  
Fakeha Farooq
Keyword(s):  
Emission Rates

scholarly journals Emission of harmful gases from animal production in Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 193 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamila Mazur ◽  
Kamil Roman ◽  
Witold Jan Wardal ◽  
Kinga Borek ◽  
Jan Barwicki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Ammonia Emission ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Housing Systems ◽  
Air Exchange Rate ◽  
Microclimate Conditions ◽  
Air Exchange

AbstractThe aim of the study was to present the scale of greenhouse gas emissions from animal production, and to provide test results from different housing systems. In three free stall buildings, two with slurry in deep channels and one with cattle in cubicles staying on shallow litter concentration of ammonia and carbon dioxide were measured in summer season by using dedicated equipment from Industrial Scientific Research. Air exchange was calculated on the base of balance carbon dioxide method. This method was used in order to estimate the air flow rate. Concentrations of ammonia and CO2 were measured as the base for air exchange and ammonia emission rates. Ammonia emissions were product of ammonia concentration and air exchange rate. Temperature and relative humidity were measured to establish microclimate conditions in buildings tested to show the overall microclimatic situation in buildings. Differences between ammonia emission rates were observed in both housing systems. The highest ammonia emission rate was equal to 2.75 g·h−1·LU−1 in well-ventilated cattle barn with the largest herd size.

scholarly journals Aerosol emission in professional singing of classical music

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Mürbe ◽  
Martin Kriegel ◽  
Julia Lange ◽  
Hansjörg Rotheudt ◽  
Mario Fleischer
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Classical Music ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Particle Counter ◽  
Professional Singers ◽  
Aerosol Emission ◽  
Sound Pressure Levels

AbstractIn this study, emission rates of aerosols emitted by professional singers were measured with a laser particle counter under cleanroom conditions. The emission rates during singing varied between 753 and 6093 particles/sec with a median of 1537 particles/sec. Emission rates for singing were compared with data for breathing and speaking. Significantly higher emission rates were found for singing. The emission enhancements between singing and speaking were between 4.0 and 99.5 with a median of 17.4, largely due to higher sound pressure levels when singing. Further, significant effects of vocal loudness were found, whereas there were no significant differences between the investigated voice classifications. The present study supports the efforts to improve the risk management in cases of possible aerogenic virus transmission, especially for choir singing.

scholarly journals Odour, dust and non-methane volatile organic-compound emissions from tunnel-ventilated layer-chicken sheds: a case study of two farms

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Dunlop ◽  
Zoran D. Ristovski ◽  
Erin Gallagher ◽  
Gavin Parcsi ◽  
Robin L. Modini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dust Emission ◽  
Ventilation Rate ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Layer Chicken ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Odour Emissions ◽  
Cleaning Cycle ◽  
Study Sites

An observational study was undertaken to measure odour and dust (PM10 and PM2.5) emission rates and identify non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and odorants in the exhaust air from two tunnel-ventilated layer-chicken sheds that were configured with multi-tiered cages and manure belts. The study sites were located in south-eastern Queensland and the West Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia. Samples were collected in summer and winter on sequential days across the manure-belt cleaning cycle. Odour emissions ranged from 58 to 512 ou/s per 1000 birds (0.03–0.27 ou/s.kg) and dust emission rates ranged 0.014–0.184 mg/s per 1000 birds for PM10 and 0.001–0.190 mg/s per 1000 birds for PM2.5. Twenty NMVOCs were identified, including three that were also identified as odorants using thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry/olfactometry analysis. Odour emission rates were observed to vary with the amount of manure accumulation on the manure belts, being lowest 2–4 days after removing manure. Odour emission rates were also observed to vary with diurnal and seasonal changes in ventilation rate. Dust emissions were observed to increase with ventilation rate but not with manure accumulation. Some NMVOCs were identified at both farms and in different seasons whereas others were observed only at one farm or in one season, indicating that odorant composition was influenced by farm-specific practices and season.

scholarly journals Operational and Safety Management at Intersections: Can the Turbo-Roundabout Be an Effective Alternative to Conventional Solutions?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 5103
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Gallelli ◽  
Giusi Perri ◽  
Rosolino Vaiana
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Safety Management ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Policy ◽  
Union Policy

The European Union policy strategies on the sustainability of the transport system pursue the goals of maximizing safety and environmental benefits and reducing the severity and frequency of crashes, congestion, and pollutant emission rates. A common issue is the planning of the most effective solution for operational and safety management at intersections. In this study, an egg turbo roundabout is proposed as the alternative solution to a conventional roundabout in Southern Italy which suffers from traffic congestion. A comparative analysis is carried out using microsimulation techniques to investigate the safety effects and operational improvements of converting a traditional priority intersection into standard roundabout or turbo roundabout layout. In particular, the VISSIM software is used to explore the most relevant operational performance measures: queue length, travel times and delays. The lowest values of these measurements are recorded for the simulated turbo roundabout, thus making this scheme more appropriate in terms of operational performances. With regard to safety analysis, the Surrogate Safety Assessment Model (SSAM) is used to collect information on the predicted number of conflicts, the probability, and severity of the potential collisions. The results suggest that, for the specific case study, the safety levels of the standard roundabout and the turbo roundabout are approximately comparable.

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