A combustion chamber concept for control of engine exhaust air pollutant emissions

1970 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry K. Newhall ◽  
Ibrabim A. El-Messiri
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Engine Exhaust

MITIGATION OF HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS: VACUUM vs. CONVENTIONAL SEWER SYSTEM

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 809-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Lazar ◽  
Iulia Carmen Ciobotici Terryn ◽  
Andreea Cocarcea
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutant

scholarly journals Assessment of Environmental Risks of Particulate Matter Emissions from Road Transport Based on the Emission Inventory

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 6123
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Bebkiewicz ◽  
Zdzisław Chłopek ◽  
Hubert Sar ◽  
Krystian Szczepański ◽  
Magdalena Zimakowska-Laskowska
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
Engine Exhaust ◽  
Exhaust Gases ◽  
Particulate Matter Emissions

The aim of this study is to investigate the environmental hazards posed by solid particles resulting from road transport. To achieve this, a methodology used to inventory pollutant emissions was used in accordance with the recommendations of the EMEP/EEA (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme/European Economic Area). This paper classifies particulates derived from road transport with reference to their properties and sources of origin. The legal status of environmental protection against particulate matter is presented. The emissions of particulate matter with different properties from different road transport sources is examined based on the results of Poland’s inventory of pollutant emissions in the year 2018. This study was performed using areas with characteristic traffic conditions: inside and outside cities, as well as on highways and expressways. The effects of vehicles were classified according to Euro emissions standards into the categories relating to the emissions of different particulate matter types. The results obtained showed that technological progress in the automobile sector has largely contributed to a reduction in particulate matter emissions associated with engine exhaust gases, and that this has had slight effect on particulate matter emissions associated with the tribological processes of vehicles. The conclusion formed is that it is advisable to undertake work towards the control and reduction of road transport particulate matter emissions associated with the sources other than engine exhaust gases.

Prediction of gaseous pollutant emissions from a spark-ignition direct-injection engine with gas-exchange simulation

2021 ◽  
pp. 146808742110050
Author(s):  
Stefania Esposito ◽  
Lutz Diekhoff ◽  
Stefan Pischinger
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Gaseous Pollutant ◽  
Fuel Ratio ◽  
No Emissions

With the further tightening of emission regulations and the introduction of real driving emission tests (RDE), the simulative prediction of emissions is becoming increasingly important for the development of future low-emission internal combustion engines. In this context, gas-exchange simulation can be used as a powerful tool for the evaluation of new design concepts. However, the simplified description of the combustion chamber can make the prediction of complex in-cylinder phenomena like emission formation quite challenging. The present work focuses on the prediction of gaseous pollutants from a spark-ignition (SI) direct injection (DI) engine with 1D–0D gas-exchange simulations. The accuracy of the simulative prediction regarding gaseous pollutant emissions is assessed based on the comparison with measurement data obtained with a research single cylinder engine (SCE). Multiple variations of engine operating parameters – for example, load, speed, air-to-fuel ratio, valve timing – are taken into account to verify the predictivity of the simulation toward changing engine operating conditions. Regarding the unburned hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, phenomenological models are used to estimate the contribution of the piston top-land crevice as well as flame wall-quenching and oil-film fuel adsorption-desorption mechanisms. Regarding CO and NO emissions, multiple approaches to describe the burned zone kinetics in combination with a two-zone 0D combustion chamber model are evaluated. In particular, calculations with reduced reaction kinetics are compared with simplified kinetic descriptions. At engine warm operation, the HC models show an accuracy mainly within 20%. The predictions for the NO emissions follow the trend of the measurements with changing engine operating parameters and all modeled results are mainly within ±20%. Regarding CO emissions, the simplified kinetic models are not capable to predict CO at stoichiometric conditions with errors below 30%. With the usage of a reduced kinetic mechanism, a better prediction capability of CO at stoichiometric air-to-fuel ratio could be achieved.

scholarly journals Abrupt but smaller than expected changes in surface air quality attributable to COVID-19 lockdowns

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. eabd6696
Author(s):  
Zongbo Shi ◽  
Congbo Song ◽  
Bowen Liu ◽  
Gongda Lu ◽  
Jingsha Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Quality Improvements ◽  
Learning Technique ◽  
Emission Changes ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Gaseous Oxidant ◽  
Sophisticated Analysis ◽  
Limited Change

The COVID-19 lockdowns led to major reductions in air pollutant emissions. Here, we quantitatively evaluate changes in ambient NO2, O3, and PM2.5 concentrations arising from these emission changes in 11 cities globally by applying a deweathering machine learning technique. Sudden decreases in deweathered NO2 concentrations and increases in O3 were observed in almost all cities. However, the decline in NO2 concentrations attributable to the lockdowns was not as large as expected, at reductions of 10 to 50%. Accordingly, O3 increased by 2 to 30% (except for London), the total gaseous oxidant (Ox = NO2 + O3) showed limited change, and PM2.5 concentrations decreased in most cities studied but increased in London and Paris. Our results demonstrate the need for a sophisticated analysis to quantify air quality impacts of interventions and indicate that true air quality improvements were notably more limited than some earlier reports or observational data suggested.

scholarly journals The effects of energy paths and emission controls and standards on future trends in China's emissions of primary air pollutants

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 8849-8868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Zhao ◽  
J. Zhang ◽  
C. P. Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Emission Control ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosols ◽  
Emission Controls ◽  
Control Devices ◽  
Anthropogenic Pollutant

Abstract. To examine the efficacy of China's actions to control atmospheric pollution, three levels of growth of energy consumption and three levels of implementation of emission controls are estimated, generating a total of nine combined activity-emission control scenarios that are then used to estimate trends of national emissions of primary air pollutants through 2030. The emission control strategies are expected to have more effects than the energy paths on the future emission trends for all the concerned pollutants. As recently promulgated national action plans of air pollution prevention and control (NAPAPPC) are implemented, China's anthropogenic pollutant emissions should decline. For example, the emissions of SO2, NOx, total suspended particles (TSP), PM10, and PM2.5 are estimated to decline 7, 20, 41, 34, and 31% from 2010 to 2030, respectively, in the "best guess" scenario that includes national commitment of energy saving policy and implementation of NAPAPPC. Should the issued/proposed emission standards be fully achieved, a less likely scenario, annual emissions would be further reduced, ranging from 17 (for primary PM2.5) to 29% (for NOx) declines in 2015, and the analogue numbers would be 12 and 24% in 2030. The uncertainties of emission projections result mainly from the uncertain operational conditions of swiftly proliferating air pollutant control devices and lack of detailed information about emission control plans by region. The predicted emission trends by sector and chemical species raise concerns about current pollution control strategies: the potential for emissions abatement in key sectors may be declining due to the near saturation of emission control devices use; risks of ecosystem acidification could rise because emissions of alkaline base cations may be declining faster than those of SO2; and radiative forcing could rise because emissions of positive-forcing carbonaceous aerosols may decline more slowly than those of SO2 emissions and thereby concentrations of negative-forcing sulfate particles. Expanded control of emissions of fine particles and carbonaceous aerosols from small industrial and residential sources is recommended, and a more comprehensive emission control strategy targeting a wider range of pollutants (volatile organic compounds, NH3 and CO, etc.) and taking account of more diverse environmental impacts is also urgently needed.

Air pollutant emissions from on-road vehicles and their control in Inner Mongolia, China

Energy ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 121724
Author(s):  
Geng Liu ◽  
Shida Sun ◽  
Chao Zou ◽  
Bo Wang ◽  
Lin Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Road Vehicles

Characterization of particle composition, organic vapor constituents, and mutagenicity of indoor air pollutant emissions

1986 ◽  
Vol 12 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 351-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Sexton ◽  
Lurance M. Webber ◽  
Steven B. Hayward ◽  
Richard G. Sextro
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Air ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Particle Composition ◽  
Organic Vapor

On the spread of ultrafine particulate matter: A mathematical model for motor vehicle emissions and their effects as an asthma trigger

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle N. Rosado-Pérez ◽  
Karen Ríos-Soto
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Traveling Wave Solutions ◽  
Reaction Diffusion ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Diffusion Type

Asthma is a respiratory disease that affects the lungs, with a prevalence of 339.4 million people worldwide [G. Marks, N. Pearce, D. Strachan, I. Asher and P. Ellwood, The Global Asthma Report 2018, globalasthmareport.org (2018)]. Many factors contribute to the high prevalence of asthma, but with the rise of the industrial age, air pollutants have become one of the main Ultrafine particles (UFPs), which are a type of air pollutant that can affect asthmatics the most. These UFPs originate primarily from the combustion of motor vehicles [P. Solomon, Ultrafine particles in ambient air. EM: Air and Waste Management Association’s Magazine for Environmental Managers (2012)] and although in certain places some regulations to control their emission have been implemented they might not be enough. In this work, a mathematical model of reaction–diffusion type is constructed to study how UFPs grow and disperse in the environment and in turn how they affect an asthmatic population. Part of our focus is on the existence of traveling wave solutions and their minimum asymptotic speed of pollutant propagation [Formula: see text]. Through the analysis of the model it was possible to identify the necessary threshold conditions to control the pollutant emissions and consequently reduce the asthma episodes in the population. Analytical and numerical results from this work prove how harmful the UFEs are for the asthmatic population and how they can exacerbate their asthma episodes.

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