Risk factors for severe malaria: importance of careful study design: a reply

Background: Psychiatric disorders have been identified as an important risk factor for suicide. However, different psychological autopsy studies have revealed different prevalences at different times and places. Objective: We aimed to see the distribution of psychological autopsy studies and the prevalence of mental disorders among suicides and identify major risk factors in Southeast Asian countries. Method: We scrutinized psychological autopsy studies published in the World Health Organization (WHO) South-East Asia (SEA) region countries. We also searched the available bibliographies to identify the studies in the region so that all the possible articles could be included. Results: Out of the 11 countries, 14 psychological autopsy studies were identified in five SEA countries (Bangladesh [1], India [9], Indonesia [1], Nepal [1], and Sri Lanka [2]). Seven studies (50%) used a case-control study design, and eight (57.1%) were carried out in urban settings. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in case-control studies was from 37% to 88%. Stressful life event was identified as a major risk factor in all the case-control studies. Conclusion: Psychological autopsy studies have not been conducted in 6 out of 11 countries of the SEA region. The presence of pre-existing psychiatric morbidity and stressful life events were the two most common risk factors noted across settings, even though there is wide heterogeneity in samples, study design, instruments, and study settings.

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Quality of Life and Psychological Distress during Cancer: A Prospective Observational Study Involving Liver Cancer Patients

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i47a33047 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 576-585

Author(s):

Madeeha Malik ◽

Iqra Parveen Kiyani ◽

Shazana Rana ◽

Azhar Hussain ◽

Muhammad Bin Aslam Zahid

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Liver Cancer ◽

Medical History ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Study Design ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Past Medical History ◽

Symptom Scale

Introduction: Liver Cancer is aggressive cancer and patients are mostly screened and diagnosed when they become symptomatic at advanced. Disease severity, depression, fatigue, joint pain, and poor appetite have been reported as strong determinants of quality of life (QoL) among liver cancer patients. Aims: The objective of the study was to assess the quality of life and depression among liver cancer patients in Pakistan. Study Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in healthcare facilities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, Pakistan between June 2020-December 2020. Methodology: Two pre-validated questionnaires i.e. EORTC QLQ-C30 and HADS were self-administered to a sample of 100 liver cancer patients selected using a convenience sampling technique for measuring QoL and depression, respectively. After data collection, data was cleaned, coded, and entered in SPSS. Results: The results highlighted that the lowest scores observed in the domain of symptom scale were: Nausea and Vomiting (23.72, ± 28.238), Dyspnea (25.27, ± 26.90), Constipation (26.03, ± 34.75) followed by Diarrhea (22.63, ± 28.42), whereas highest scores in the symptom scale were observed in the domain of fatigue (37.69, ± 20.06), pain (40.37, ± 18.44), insomnia (41.65, ± 32.37) and financial difficulties (60.33, ± 33.830). On the other hand, highest score on the functional scale was observed for physical functioning (64, ± 21.76) and the lowest score was observed in social functioning (53.19, ± 20.66). Conclusion: The present study concluded that liver cancer had a negative impact on risk factors/past medical history, co-morbidities, and poor socio-economic of life across all domains along with moderate depression in liver cancer patients. Illiteracy, advanced liver cancer stage, risk factors/past medical history, co-morbidities and poor socio-economic status negatively affected functional and symptom scale. Appropriate health educational and psychological interventional programs targeting patients should be initiated to improve awareness and reduce depression among liver cancer patients.

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Primary post partum hemorrhage after vaginal birth: an analysis of risk factors

Annals of King Edward Medical University ◽

10.21649/akemu.v12i2.874 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Yasmeen Akhtar ◽

Mohammad Arshad Chohan

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Study Design ◽

Analytical Study ◽

Post Partum ◽

Vaginal Birth ◽

Uterine Atony ◽

Post Partum Hemorrhage ◽

Post Partum Haemorrhage ◽

One Year ◽

Underlying Risk

Objective: - To analyze the risk factors for primary post partum Haemorrhage. Settings: - Gynae/Obstetrics-Unit I Lady Willingdon Hospital Lahore. Study Design: - Observational Analytical study. Duration: - One year Ist January 2005 to 31 December 2005. Materials/Methods:-It was an observational analytical study in which the data about patients was collected with the help of proformas. Conclusion:- Uterine atony due to various underlying risk factors is the major cause of post partum Haemorrhage. If these factors are identified and treated accordingly then a lot of mothers can be saved.

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BOLD (Beef in an Optimal Lean Diet) Effects on Established and Emerging Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Factors: Study Design and Planning

The FASEB Journal ◽

10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.1096.11 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 22 (S1) ◽

Author(s):

Michael Antonio Roussell ◽

Amy Cifelli ◽

Deborah Bagshaw ◽

Sheila West ◽

John Vanden Heuvel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Study Design ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk

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NON-ORAL POSTER 29: Urge Incontinence: Determining Environmental and Obstetrical Risk Factors Using an Identical Twin Study Design

Journal of Pelvic Medicine and Surgery ◽

10.1097/01.spv.0000156023.52449.9e ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 80

Author(s):

R Goldberg ◽

Y Abramov ◽

S Botros ◽

J Miller ◽

M Rurak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Study Design ◽

Twin Study ◽

Urge Incontinence ◽

Identical Twin

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Longitudinal study of Salmonella shedding in naturally infected finishing pigs

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268812002464 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 141 (9) ◽

pp. 1928-1936 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

A. F. A. PIRES ◽

J. A. FUNK ◽

C. A. BOLIN

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

Study Design ◽

Production System ◽

Research Study ◽

Finishing Pigs ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Research Study Design ◽

Over Time

SUMMARYA 3-year longitudinal study was conducted on a multi-site farrow-to-finish production system. For each of 18 cohorts at three finishing sites, 50 pigs were randomly selected. Faecal samples were collected every 2 weeks for 16 weeks. Salmonella was cultured from 453 (6·6%) of 6836 faecal samples. The pig-level incidence of Salmonella was 20·8% (187/899 pigs). Salmonella prevalence varied between cohorts and within pigs. The adjusted Salmonella prevalence decreased over the finishing period from 6·4% to 0·8%. Intermittent detection of Salmonella was found in more than 50% of pigs that were positive at more than one collection. The finding that the majority of pigs shed intermittently has implications for surveillance and research study design when determining Salmonella status. The variability in shedding over time, as well as between and within cohorts and pigs suggests that there may be time-variant risk factors for Salmonella shedding in swine.

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