Detection of infectious enteroviruses and adenoviruses in tap water in urban areas in Korea

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 248-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung-Hoon Lee ◽  
Sang-Jong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Tap Water

Household greywater use practices in Melbourne, Australia

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 294-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sinclair ◽  
J. O'Toole ◽  
M. Malawaraarachchi ◽  
K. Leder
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Housing Developments ◽  
End Use ◽  
Volume Estimates ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Greywater Reuse

Research on the potential of greywater reuse to reduce urban tap water demand has focused mainly on permanently installed greywater treatment or irrigation systems. These may be readily implemented in new housing developments, but experience in Australia shows their uptake by established households in urban areas is low. The majority of households employ simple and temporary methods for greywater collection and use, but their behaviour has not been well documented. We characterised the greywater use practices of over 1,000 Melbourne households during a 5-year period (2007 to 2011) which included 3 years of severe drought with stringent restrictions on outdoor tap water use. Greywater was most frequently collected from the laundry and bathroom, and generally used within 24 hours. Garden watering was the most common end use, and treatment of greywater to reduce microbial contamination was very rare. Volume estimates by householders suggest that on average around 10% of tap water used in the home was being collected for reuse. When drought conditions and water restrictions eased, over 40% of user households discontinued greywater use. Widespread adoption of permanent greywater collection, treatment and storage systems by households would be required to achieve a lasting effect on urban water consumption.

scholarly journals Prevalence of seizures and associated factors in children under five living in a deprived municipality of southern Brazil

2007 ◽  
Vol 65 (3a) ◽  
pp. 581-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheple Roberto Abib ◽  
Raúl A. Mendoza-Sassi ◽  
Jaime Bech-Nappi ◽  
Airton Tetelbom Stein
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency and distribution of seizure in children under five, living in a deprived community. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional study, conducted in a probabilistic sample of 487 children aged 5 or less, resident in the rural and urban areas of São José do Norte, a poor municipality in southern Brazil, during the period 1998-99. Children were identified as having this disorder after the application of the three subsequent instruments, the screening questionnaire for epileptic seizures (SQES), the neurological diagnostic interview for epilepsy (NDIE) and the EEG. Statistical analysis included a multivariate analysis using Poisson regression. Prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. RESULTS: Diagnosis of epileptic seizures was confirmed in 22 children. Prevalence of seizure was 45.2/1000 (CI 2.9-6.8). Absence of tap water (PR 2.86; IC 1.15-7.10), and precarious housing (PR 2.50; CI 1.01-6.18) were significantly associated with the outcome. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of seizure in this deprived population is extremely high and related to socio-economic conditions.

Reasons why low-income people in urban areas do not drink tap water

2019 ◽  
Vol 150 (6) ◽  
pp. 503-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Family ◽  
Guili Zheng ◽  
Maritza Cabezas ◽  
Jennifer Cloud ◽  
Shelly Hsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Tap Water

scholarly journals Surveillance of bacteriological quality of drinking water in Chandigarh, northern India

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 931-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naveen K. Goel ◽  
Rambha Pathak ◽  
Sangeeta Gulati ◽  
S. Balakrishnan ◽  
Navpreet Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Monsoon Period ◽  
Bacteriological Quality

The study was carried out in Chandigarh, India with the following objectives: (1) to monitor the bacteriological quality of drinking water; (2) to collect data on bacteriological contamination of water collected at point of use; (3) to test both groundwater being supplied through hand pumps and pre-treated water; and (4) to determine the pattern of seasonal variations in quality of water. The community-based longitudinal study was carried out from 2002 to 2007. Water samples from hand pumps and tap water were collected from different areas of Chandigarh following a simple random sampling strategy. The time trends and seasonal variations in contamination of water according to area and season were analysed. It was found that the contamination of water was higher during the pre-monsoon period compared with the rest of the year. The water being used in slums and rural areas for drinking purposes also had higher contamination levels than urban areas, with highest levels in rural areas. This study found that drinking water supply in Chandigarh is susceptible to contamination especially in rural areas and during pre-monsoon. Active intervention from public health and the health department along with raising people's awareness regarding water hygiene are required for improving the quality of drinking water.

Measuring the Economic Benefits of the Tap Water Supply Service in Urban Areas: The Case of Korea

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 619-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Won-Seok Lee ◽  
Seung-Hoon Yoo ◽  
Jeehyeong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Economic Benefits

Applying sustainable water management concepts in rural and urban areas: some thoughts about reasons, means and needs

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 7-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.A. Wilderer
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Classical System ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
High Tech ◽  
World Population ◽  
Management Concepts ◽  
The World ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

Serving the world population with adequate drinking water and sanitation is an important prerequisite, not only to hygienic safety, but to prosperity and political stability as well, and will foster the adaptive capacity of the societies in the developing countries and beyond. To avoid hygienic and political disasters impacting the world economy, investment in water supply and sanitation must urgently be made. Whether the classical system of urban water supply and sanitation is appropriate to satisfy the needs of the developing world, however, and whether this system meets the general criteria of sustainability is questionable. The costs and the time needed for installation of sewers and wastewater treatment plants are tremendous. In water shortage areas, the amount of tap water required to transport pollutants to the treatment plant is hardly affordable. Recovery and re-introduction of valuable substances, including water, into the urban cycle of materials is impossible because of mixing and dilution effects inherent in the system. Decentralized water and wastewater management should be seriously taken into account as an alternative. Source separation of specific fractions of domestic and industrial wastewater, separate treatment of these fractions and recovery of water and raw materials including fertilizer and energy are the main characteristics of modern high-tech on-site treatment/reuse systems. Mass production of the key components of the system could reduce the costs of the treatment units to a reasonable level. On-site units could be installed independently of the development stage of the urban sewer system. In conjunction with building new housing complexes a stepwise improvement of the hygienic situation in urban and peri-urban areas could be achieved, therefore. Remote control of the satellite systems using modern telecommunication methods would allow reliable operation, and comfort for the users. Intensive research is required, however, to develop this system and bring it to a standard allowing efficient application worldwide.

scholarly journals Preface

10.17158/495 ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Renan P. Limjuco ◽  
Fe Monique M. Tagaytay ◽  
Fe Monique M. Tagaytay
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
School Effectiveness ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Higher Educational Institutions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Immaculate Conception ◽  
Higher Educational ◽  
The University

<p>The UIC Research Journal Volume 20 Number 2 features 14 articles written by faculty and student researchers from the University of the Immaculate Conception and other Higher Educational Institutions in Davao City. The journal contains five sections of the publication format of research papers, theses and dissertations from various disciplines and fields of study that have been completed in the college and graduate level.</p><p>The first section comprised studies from the field Education. This issue features a variety of studies that look at a diverse array of topics in the educational spectrum. The work of Sagarino, Baucan &amp; Habla sheds light on the various perspectives on artistry and art appreciation of paintings of Dabawenyo Artists from the view of artists and viewers. The study of Palarca, Victorino, España &amp; Velez, examines the dynamism and richness of the female archetypes in “The Woman with Two Novels” which is the work of National Artist for Literature, Nick Joaquin. The section also features the study of Aguisando, Arguilla &amp; Parba which examines the connection between reading proficiency and the writing skills of college students. The section finishes with the study of Musni- Tagaytay, Geonzon, Gerasmio, Lanos &amp; Salvan which examines institutional culture as reflected in the popular Facebook trend known as university “confession” pages.</p><p> </p><p>The Engineering &amp; Technology section showcases two studies into improving the quality of life through applications of engineering concepts and various developmental technology. The work of Ozoa, Limjuco &amp; Pacabis inquires into the utilization of matrix controls in response to the growing traffic problems in various urban areas while the work of Limjuco, Quinamot, Guy-ab Jr., Cabañero, Tarongoy III, Bruno &amp; Ybañez, Jr. investigate and compare tap water vis a vis rainwater on the quality of plant growth. The third study, which is the work of Relacion &amp; Naval address the continuous need for the development of better learning materials and techniques by revisiting the proving of the derivative formula involving trigonometric function.</p><p> </p><p>The third section features Higher Education Research featuring the works of Sagayno and Limjuco which delves into The Motivational Drives and School Effectiveness Efforts of Secondary School Academicians and their Attitudinal Level towards K to 12 Implementation. The study of Laya on Modeling Turnover Intention of Faculty Members among Higher Educational institutions in Davao City, tackles human resource and educational management.</p><p> </p><p>The fourth section of this issue features scholarly works in the field of Health and Wellness. Babiera and Almanzor take a closer look at perceptions on Masculinity and the Acceptability of Male Dancers; newly emerging sports are given focus by Limjuco, Canono, Ramos, &amp; Manapol in their study The Popularity and Acceptability of Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) among Aficionados and Sports Enthusiasts. Lastly, Determinants of Music Type Preference of University Students in Davao City is investigated by Limjuco, Pregua and Ticudo.</p><p> </p><p>The fifth and last section, Institutional/Action Researches, presents the study of Pia, Matunding &amp; Salvador which is a tracer study of Bachelor of Science in Nursing Students in Davao Doctors College. The section also presents the study of Baradillo on the Oral Communicative Competence of Second Year Hotel and Restaurant Management Students in the University of the Immaculate Conception.</p>

scholarly journals Quality of Source Water and Drinking Water in Urban Areas of Myanmar

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Sakai ◽  
Yatsuka Kataoka ◽  
Kensuke Fukushi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Deep Wells ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Quality Assessments

Myanmar is one of the least developed countries in the world, and very little information is available regarding the nation’s water quality. This report gives an overview of the current situation in the country, presenting the results of various water-quality assessments in urban areas of Myanmar. River, dam, lake, and well water sources were examined and found to be of generally good quality. Both As andF-were present in relatively high concentrations and must be removed before deep wells are used. Heterotrophic plate counts in drinking water were highest in public pots, followed by nonpiped tap water, piped tap water, and bottled water. Measures need to be taken to improve low-quality water in pots and nonpiped tap waters.

scholarly journals Open-Source Food: Nutrition, Toxicology, and Availability of Wild Edible Greens in the East Bay

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip B. Stark ◽  
Daphne Miller ◽  
Thomas J. Carlson ◽  
Kristen Rasmussen de Vasquez
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Leafy Greens ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Lead And Cadmium ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Mixed Use ◽  
East Bay

AbstractSignificanceForaged leafy greens are consumed around the globe, including in urban areas, and may play a larger role when food is scarce or expensive. It is thus important to assess the safety and nutritional value of wild greens foraged in urban environments.MethodsField observations, soil tests, and nutritional and toxicology tests on plant tissue were conducted for three sites, each roughly 9 square blocks, in disadvantaged neighborhoods in the East San Francisco Bay Area in 2014–2015. The sites included mixed-use areas and areas with high vehicle traffic.ResultsEdible wild greens were abundant, even during record droughts. Soil at some survey sites had elevated concentrations of lead and cadmium, but tissue tests suggest that rinsed greens of the tested species are safe to eat. Daily consumption of standard servings comprise less than the EPA reference doses of lead, cadmium, and other heavy metals. Pesticides, glyphosate, and PCBs were below detection limits.The nutrient density of 6 abundant species compared favorably to that of the most nutritious domesticated leafy greens.ConclusionsWild edible greens harvested in industrial, mixed-use, and high-traffic urban areas in the San Francisco East Bay area are abundant and highly nutritious. Even grown in soils with elevated levels of heavy metals, tested species were safe to eat after rinsing in tap water. This does not mean that all edible greens growing in contaminated soil are safe to eat—tests on more species, in more locations, and over a broader range of soil chemistry are needed to determine what is generally safe and what is not. But it does suggest that wild greens could contribute to nutrition, food security, and sustainability in urban ecosystems. Current laws, regulations, and public-health guidance that forbid or discourage foraging on public lands, including urban areas, should be revisited.

scholarly journals Conception of Domestic Final Energy Delivery Including EV Charging in Terms of Integrated Multimodal Grid Expansion

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Energy Devices ◽  
Final Energy ◽  
Expansion Strategies

Regarding the energy transition in terms of ecological and economical aspects, also the security in supply, safe and reliable operation and the desired ability to store renewable generated excess electrical power play a role in future grid expansion strategies. To support and release the electric grid, integrated energy systems, characterized by sectorcoupling between the energy sectors electricity, gas and heat, picture an approach to increase the storage and transmission capacity of a whole energy system. Concerning the demand side, it also has to be kept in consideration that not every kind of desired final energy has to be necessarily electrical. So power has to be supplied in the appropiate kind to satisfy the consumers’ requirements. Within the following contribution a holistic methodology is presented, which is able to deal with various compositions of domestic technical endowment for residential areas to acquire knowledge about necessary delivery power of the main three energy sectors. The types of final energy that will be considered are electricity for basic services and personal electric vehicles usage and heat for heating space and tap water. The desired kind of final energy can be delivered by onpoint power transformation, so the methodology includes several possible types of appliances and endowment. With the nearly infinite possible composition and input options it is transferable to residential areas of different dimensions and mirrors the high versatility and flexibility of the domestic sector as a decisive consumer, preliminary for later analysing e.g. whole urban areas and network infrastructures including the generators’ side. It serves as a tool to investigate in what manner power delivery characteristics change, when the configuration of final energy devices in the domestic sector is altered and what conclusions have to be drawn by the energy providers and especially the transmission system operators for electricity, gas and heat, in terms of integrated grid expansion strategies. That can either be used as a ”green meadow” approach for newly built development areas or for enlargement of already existing housing areas. Additionally to a detailed explanation of the methodology’s structure, some configuration scenarios are defined and the algorithm is executed for an exemplary residential area. Furthermore, some relevant objectives, like primary energy input, system efficiency or capital expenditure are declared to serve as rating criteria for evaluation of the investigated composition scenarios. The presented methodology provides a basis for (multi) criteria optimization of expansion strategies for integrated infrastructures in further research.

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