414 TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 INTERFERONS AND INTERFERON- INDUCIBLE GENES ARE UPREGULATED IN THE BRAIN OF PATIENTS WITH HEPATITIS C AND SEVERE DEPRESSION

2009 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. S156
Author(s):  
M. Trippler ◽  
K. Truebner ◽  
T. Bajanowski ◽  
S. Bein ◽  
G. Gerken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Inducible Genes ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Hepatitis C, Hepatitis B, Cytomegalovirus, and Human Immunodeficiency Viruses in Multitransfused Thalassemic Children in Upper Egypt

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramadan A. Mahmoud ◽  
Abdel-Azeem M. El-Mazary ◽  
Ashraf Khodeary
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Thalassemia Major ◽  
Upper Egypt ◽  
Egyptian Children ◽  
Hiv Type 1 ◽  
Anti Hiv

Background. Frequent blood transfusions in thalassemia major children expose them to the risk of transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs). The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) in thalassemic children attending the Pediatrics Departments of both Sohag and Minia Universities of Upper Egypt, during the period from May 2014 to May 2015.Methods. Serum samples were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-HCV, anti-CMV, and anti-HIV type 1 and type 2 using the Vitek Immunodiagnostic Assay System.Results. The frequencies of anti-HCV, HBsAg, anti-CMV, and anti-HIV type 1 and type 2 were found to be 37.11%, 4.12%, 4.12%, 0.00%, and 0.00%, respectively. Seropositivity for anti-HCV, HBsAg, and anti-CMV increased with increasing age of the patients, duration of the disease, serum ferritin level (ng/mL), and liver enzymes (U/L), while it was not significantly associated with gender, frequency of blood transfusion, or the status of splenectomy operation (P>0.05).Conclusion. The frequency of TTIs, especially HCV, is considerably high among Egyptian children with thalassemia major. It is therefore important to implement measures to improve blood transfusion screening, such as polymerase chain reaction, in order to reduce TTIs from blood donor units.

scholarly journals Cannabinoids in health and disease: pharmacological potential in metabolic syndrome and neuroinflammation

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Mastinu ◽  
Marika Premoli ◽  
Giulia Ferrari-Toninelli ◽  
Simone Tambaro ◽  
Giuseppina Maccarinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptor ◽  
Receptor Type ◽  
History Of ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Pharmacological Potential ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation

Abstract The use of different natural and/or synthetic preparations of Cannabis sativa is associated with therapeutic strategies for many diseases. Indeed, thanks to the widespread diffusion of the cannabinoidergic system in the brain and in the peripheral districts, its stimulation, or inhibition, regulates many pathophysiological phenomena. In particular, central activation of the cannabinoidergic system modulates the limbic and mesolimbic response which leads to food craving. Moreover, cannabinoid agonists are able to reduce inflammatory response. In this review a brief history of cannabinoids and the protagonists of the endocannabinoidergic system, i.e. synthesis and degradation enzymes and main receptors, will be described. Furthermore, the pharmacological effects of cannabinoids will be outlined. An overview of the involvement of the endocannabinoidergic system in neuroinflammatory and metabolic pathologies will be made. Finally, particular attention will also be given to the new pharmacological entities acting on the two main receptors, cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2), with particular focus on the neuroinflammatory and metabolic mechanisms involved.

scholarly journals Comparison of DNA Enzyme Immunoassay and Line Probe Assays (Inno-LiPA HCV I and II) for Hepatitis C Virus Genotyping

1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 1461-1463 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Le Pogam ◽  
F. Dubois ◽  
R. Christen ◽  
C. Raby ◽  
A. Cavicchini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Enzyme Immunoassay ◽  
Untranslated Regions ◽  
Line Probe Assay ◽  
The Core ◽  
Probe Assay ◽  
Dna Enzyme Immunoassay

Two methods for genotyping hepatitis C virus (DNA enzyme immunoassay [DEIA] and line probe assay [Inno-LiPA HCV I and II]) were compared on 120 samples and of these 87% were assigned to the same subtype by both assays. There were 15 subtyping discrepancies which involved 5% of type 1 isolates and 90% of type 2 isolates. Amplified products from the core and 5′ untranslated regions (UTR) were sequenced to resolve conflicts. Type 1 discordant samples had a guanosine at position −99 in the 5′ UTR, a characteristic of genotype 1b, and a core region typical of subtype 1a. The eight isolates classified as 2a/2c by LiPA and as subtype 2c by DEIA belonged to type 2.

scholarly journals Inability to Detect Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 2-Specific Antibodies in a Patient Coinfected with HIV-1, Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1, Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 2, and Hepatitis C Virus

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adele Caterino-de-Araujo ◽  
Mariana Cavalheiro Magri ◽  
Neuza Satomi Sato ◽  
Helena Kaminami Morimoto ◽  
Luis Fernando de Macedo Brigido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Human T Cell ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals Interleukin-18 and CD30 serum levels in patients with moderate-severe depression

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosaria Alba Merendino ◽  
Antonio Enrico Di Rosa ◽  
Giuseppe Di Pasquale ◽  
Paola Lucia Minciullo ◽  
Carmela Mangraviti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Interleukin 18 ◽  
Healthy Donors ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
First Time ◽  
Helper Type

Interleukin-18 (IL-18), a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in the T-cell-helper type 1 response, is a new member of the family of cytokines produced in the brain. CD30 is a marker of T-cell-helper type 2 lymphocytes. We evaluated IL-18 and CD30 serum levels in 10 patients affected by moderate-severe depression (MSD). We demonstrated for the first time that serum IL-18 levels of MSD patients were significantly higher than those of healthy donors. On the contrary, no significant difference was found between serum CD30 levels of MSD patients compared with those of healthy donors. These data strengthen the hypothesis that MSD disease is associated with an inflammatory response, mainly T-cell-helper type 1, and suggest an important role for IL-18 in the pathophysiology of MSD.

Type 1 and Type 2 Aβ oligomers in the brain

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. S26
Author(s):  
Karen Ashe ◽  
Peng Liu ◽  
Miranda Reed ◽  
Marianne Grant ◽  
Colleen Forster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aβ Oligomers ◽  
The Brain

Obestatin inhibits motor activity in the antrum and duodenum in the fed state of conscious rats

2008 ◽  
Vol 294 (5) ◽  
pp. G1210-G1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koji Ataka ◽  
Akio Inui ◽  
Akihiro Asakawa ◽  
Ikuo Kato ◽  
Mineko Fujimiya
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Fed State ◽  
Conscious Rats ◽  
Duodenal Motility ◽  
Gastroduodenal Motility ◽  
The Brain

Obestatin is a novel peptide encoded by the ghrelin precursor gene; however, its effects on gastrointestinal motility remain controversial. Here we have examined the effects of obestatin on fed and fasted motor activities in the stomach and duodenum of freely moving conscious rats. We examined the effects of intravenous (IV) injection of obestatin on the percentage motor index (%MI) and phase III-like contractions in the antrum and duodenum. The brain mechanism mediating the action of obestatin on gastroduodenal motility and the involvement of vagal afferent pathway were also examined. Between 30 and 90 min after IV injection, obestatin decreased the %MI in the antrum and prolonged the time taken to return to fasted motility in the duodenum in fed rats given 3 g of chow after 18 h of fasting. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that corticotropin-releasing factor- and urocortin-2-containing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus were activated by IV injection of obestatin. Intracerebroventricular injection of CRF type 1 and type 2 receptor antagonists prevented the effects of obestatin on gastroduodenal motility. Capsaicin treatment blocked the effects of obestatin on duodenal motility but not on antral motility. Obestatin failed to antagonize ghrelin-induced stimulation of gastroduodenal motility. These results suggest that, in the fed state, obestatin inhibits motor activity in the antrum and duodenum and that CRF type 1 and type 2 receptors in the brain might be involved in these effects of obestatin on gastroduodenal motility.

Abstract P129: The High Blood Pressure-Malaria Protection Hypothesis

Hypertension ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio Gallego-Delgado ◽  
Thomas Walther ◽  
Ana Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Cerebral Malaria ◽  
Microvascular Endothelial Cells ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Asian Origin ◽  
Microvascular Endothelial ◽  
The Brain

For decades, researchers have been fascinated by the idea of a causative connection between hypertension and malaria as the prevalence of hypertension is higher in populations that have been exposed to malaria for long periods. Cerebral malaria is a multi-factorial syndrome involving the interaction between P. falciparum -infected red blood cells ( Pf -iRBC) and host cerebral microvascular endothelial cells. Disruption of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB), ranging from increased permeability to complete loss of inter-endothelial junctions (IEJ) and to petechial hemorrhages in the brain, is a characteristic feature of cerebral malaria. Our in vitro experiments show that Pf -iRBC induce the disruption of IEJ in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) mediated by the activation of β-catenin. Protection from this effect is achieved by blockade of the angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor (AT1) or stimulation of the type 2 receptor (AT2), which abrogate Pf -iRBC-induced activation of β-catenin and prevent the disruption HBMEC monolayers. Using a mouse model of cerebral malaria, we observed similar effects after treatment with Ang II receptors modulators, leading to protection against cerebral malaria, reduced cerebral hemorrhages (1.98 and 1.17 vs 0.63 for control, AT1 blocker and AT2 agonist respectively; p<0.05) and increased survival. While only 25% survived in controls (4 of 16 mice), 81.7% (13 of 15) and 71.4% (5 of 7) survived under AT1 blockade or AT2 agonist, respectively. In contrast, AT2-deficient mice were more susceptible to cerebral malaria (0% survival; 0 of 9). A causal association between high levels of Ang II and protection from malaria pathogenesis can provide a likely explanation for the increased prevalence in hypertension observed in populations of African and South Asian origin. Furthermore, this potential causative connection might also direct to unique approaches for the effective treatment of cerebral malaria.

scholarly journals Distribution and localization of phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate, 4-kinase alpha and beta in the brain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan K. Noch ◽  
Isaiah Yim ◽  
Teresa A. Milner ◽  
Lewis C. Cantley
Keyword(s):  
Second Messengers ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
Synaptic Function ◽  
Synaptic Membrane ◽  
Human Brain Tissue ◽  
Neuronal Marker ◽  
Axon Terminals ◽  
The Brain

AbstractPhosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI-4,5-P2) is critical for synaptic vesicle docking and fusion and generation of the second messengers, diacylglycerol and inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate. PI-4,5-P2 can be generated by two families of kinases: type 1 phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinases, encoded by PIP5K1A, PIP5K1B and PIP5K1C, and type 2 phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinases, encoded by PIP4K2A, PIP4K2B, and PIP4K2C. While the roles of the type 1 enzymes in brain function have been extensively studied, the roles of the type 2 enzymes are poorly understood. Using selective antibodies validated by genetic deletion of pip4k2a or pip4k2b in mouse brain, we characterized the location of the enzymes, PI5P4Kα and PI5P4Kß, encoded by these genes. In mice, we demonstrate that PI5P4Kα is expressed in adulthood, whereas PI5P4Kß is expressed early in development. PI5P4Kα localizes to white matter tracts, especially the corpus callosum, and at a low level in neurons, while PI5P4Kß is expressed in neuronal populations, especially hippocampus and cortex. Dual labeling studies demonstrate that PI5P4Kα co-localizes with the oligodendrocyte marker, Olig2, whereas PI5P4Kß co-localizes with the neuronal marker, NeuN. Immunohistochemical subcellular distribution studies demonstrate that PI5P4Kα and PI5P4Kß are expressed in the early endosome system. Ultrastructural analysis demonstrates that both kinases are contained in axon terminals and dendritic spines adjacent to the synaptic membrane, which support a potential role in synaptic transmission. Immunohistochemical analysis of macaque and human brain tissue demonstrate a conserved pattern for PI5P4Kα and PI5P4Kß. These results highlight the diverse cell-autonomous expression of PI5P4Kα and PI5P4Kß and support further exploration into their role in synaptic function in the brain.

scholarly journals Type 1 and type 2 human PrPSc have different aggregation sizes in methionine homozygotes with sporadic, iatrogenic and variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

2005 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 237-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi Kobayashi ◽  
Sakae Satoh ◽  
James W. Ironside ◽  
Shirou Mohri ◽  
Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
Keyword(s):  
Amyloid Plaques ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Proteinase K ◽  
Cleavage Sites ◽  
Jakob Disease ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Codon 129

In Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD), the type (type 1 or 2) of abnormal isoform of the prion protein (PrPSc) in the brain and the genotype at codon 129 of the PrP gene are major determinants of clinicopathological phenotype. Little is known about the difference in biochemical properties between the two types of PrPSc, except for the different proteinase K cleavage sites. To investigate the size of aggregates formed by PrPSc types 1 and 2, brain homogenates from various cases of CJD with the same genotype (homozygous for methionine at codon 129) were passed through filters with a mean pore size of 72±4 nm. Type 2 PrPSc was efficiently removed from the filtrates by the filters, in contrast to type 1. Even type 2 PrPSc from a patient without amyloid plaques was removed more efficiently than type 1 from patients with amyloid plaques. These results indicate that type 2 PrPSc has a larger aggregation size than type 1, irrespective of the existence of amyloid plaques.

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