A modified oddball paradigm “cross-modal delayed response” and the research on mismatch negativity

A sound turned off for a short moment can be perceived as continuous if the silent gap is filled with noise. The neural mechanisms underlying this “continuity illusion” were investigated using the mismatch negativity (MMN), an eventrelated potential reflecting the perception of a sudden change in an otherwise regular stimulus sequence. The MMN was recorded in four conditions using an oddball paradigm. The standards consisted of 500-Hz, 120-msec tone pips that were either physically continuous (Condition 1) or were interrupted by a 40-msec silent gap (Condition 2). The deviants consisted of the interrupted tone, but with the silent gap filled by a burst of bandpass-filtered noise. The noise either occupied the same frequency region as the tone and elicited the continuity illusion (Conditions 1a and 2a), or occupied a remote frequency region and did not elicit the illusion (Conditions 1b and 2b). We predicted that, if the continuity illusion is determined before MMN generation, then, other things being equal, the MMN should be larger in conditions where the deviants are perceived as continuous and the standards as interrupted or vice versa, than when both were perceived as continuous or both interrupted. Consistent with this prediction, we observed an interaction between standard type and noise frequency region, with the MMN being larger in Condition 1a than in Condition 1b, but smaller in Condition 2a than in Condition 2b. Because the subjects were instructed to ignore the tones and watch a silent movie during the recordings, the results indicate that the continuity illusion can occur outside the focus of attention. Furthermore, the latency of the MMN (less than approximately 200 msec postdeviance onset) places an upper limit on the stage of neural processing responsible for the illusion.

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Impact of Chronic Cannabis Use on Auditory Mismatch Negativity Generation in Schizophrenia Patients

Pharmacopsychiatry ◽

10.1055/a-0573-9866 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 52 (03) ◽

pp. 126-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Patrik Roser ◽

Eva-Maria Pichler ◽

Benedikt Habermeyer ◽

Wolfram Kawohl ◽

Georg Juckel

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Functioning ◽

Cognitive Performance ◽

Mismatch Negativity ◽

Cannabis Use ◽

Oddball Paradigm ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Characteristic Finding ◽

Auditory Oddball ◽

Cannabis Use Disorders ◽

Auditory Oddball Paradigm

Abstract Introduction Cannabis use disorders (CUD) are highly prevalent among patients with schizophrenia (SCZ). Deficient mismatch negativity (MMN) generation is a characteristic finding in SCZ patients and cannabis users. This study therefore examined the effects of CUD on MMN generation in SCZ patients. Methods Twenty SCZ − CUD patients, 21 SCZ+CUD patients, and 20 healthy controls (HC) were included in this study. MMN to frequency and duration deviants was elicited within an auditory oddball paradigm and recorded by 32 channel EEG. Results As expected, SCZ − CUD patients showed reduced frontocentral MMN amplitudes to duration deviants compared to HC. Interestingly, SCZ+CUD patients demonstrated greater MMN amplitudes to duration deviants compared to SCZ − CUD patients at central electrodes with no differences compared to HC. Discussion These results demonstrate that comorbid cannabis use in SCZ patients might be associated with superior cognitive functioning. It can be assumed that the association between cannabis use and better cognitive performance may be due to a subgroup of cognitively less impaired SCZ patients characterized by lower genetic vulnerability for psychosis.

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Weighting of Amplitude and Formant Rise Time Cues by School-Aged Children: A Mismatch Negativity Study

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/2018_jslhr-h-17-0334 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 61 (5) ◽

pp. 1322-1333

Author(s):

Varghese Peter ◽

Marina Kalashnikova ◽

Denis Burnham

Keyword(s):

Rise Time ◽

Mismatch Negativity ◽

Standard Stimulus ◽

Oddball Paradigm ◽

Acoustic Cues ◽

Older Children ◽

Deviant Stimulus ◽

Cue Weighting ◽

School Aged Children ◽

Optimal Weights

Purpose An important skill in the development of speech perception is to apply optimal weights to acoustic cues so that phonemic information is recovered from speech with minimum effort. Here, we investigated the development of acoustic cue weighting of amplitude rise time (ART) and formant rise time (FRT) cues in children as measured by mismatch negativity (MMN). Method Twelve adults and 36 children aged 6–12 years listened to a /ba/–/wa/ contrast in an oddball paradigm in which the standard stimulus had the ART and FRT cues of /ba/. In different blocks, the deviant stimulus had either the ART or FRT cues of /wa/. Results The results revealed that children younger than 10 years were sensitive to both ART and FRT cues whereas 10- to 12-year-old children and adults were sensitive only to FRT cues. Moreover, children younger than 10 years generated a positive mismatch response, whereas older children and adults generated MMN. Conclusion These results suggest that preattentive adultlike weighting of ART and FRT cues is attained only by 10 years of age and accompanies the change from mismatch response to the more mature MMN response. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6207608

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Saliency of Vowel Features in Neural Responses of Cochlear Implant Users

Clinical EEG and Neuroscience ◽

10.1177/1550059418770051 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 49 (6) ◽

pp. 388-397

Author(s):

François Prévost ◽

Alexandre Lehmann

Keyword(s):

Speech Recognition ◽

Cochlear Implant ◽

Fundamental Frequency ◽

Mismatch Negativity ◽

Free Field ◽

Event Related Potentials ◽

Oddball Paradigm ◽

Aural Rehabilitation ◽

Spectral Components ◽

Related Potentials

Cochlear implants restore hearing in deaf individuals, but speech perception remains challenging. Poor discrimination of spectral components is thought to account for limitations of speech recognition in cochlear implant users. We investigated how combined variations of spectral components along two orthogonal dimensions can maximize neural discrimination between two vowels, as measured by mismatch negativity. Adult cochlear implant users and matched normal-hearing listeners underwent electroencephalographic event-related potentials recordings in an optimum-1 oddball paradigm. A standard /a/ vowel was delivered in an acoustic free field along with stimuli having a deviant fundamental frequency (+3 and +6 semitones), a deviant first formant making it a /i/ vowel or combined deviant fundamental frequency and first formant (+3 and +6 semitones /i/ vowels). Speech recognition was assessed with a word repetition task. An analysis of variance between both amplitude and latency of mismatch negativity elicited by each deviant vowel was performed. The strength of correlations between these parameters of mismatch negativity and speech recognition as well as participants’ age was assessed. Amplitude of mismatch negativity was weaker in cochlear implant users but was maximized by variations of vowels’ first formant. Latency of mismatch negativity was later in cochlear implant users and was particularly extended by variations of the fundamental frequency. Speech recognition correlated with parameters of mismatch negativity elicited by the specific variation of the first formant. This nonlinear effect of acoustic parameters on neural discrimination of vowels has implications for implant processor programming and aural rehabilitation.

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Electrophysiological Measures of Time Processing in Infant and Adult Brains: Weber's Law Holds

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ◽

10.1162/jocn.2008.20016 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 193-203 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Elizabeth M. Brannon ◽

Melissa E. Libertus ◽

Warren H. Meck ◽

Marty G. Woldorff

Keyword(s):

Time Perception ◽

Mismatch Negativity ◽

Absolute Difference ◽

Oddball Paradigm ◽

Weber’S Law ◽

Scalar Property ◽

Human Infants ◽

Weber's Law ◽

Behavioral Studies ◽

Nonhuman Animals

Behavioral studies have demonstrated that time perception in adults, children, and nonhuman animals is subject to Weber's Law. More specifically, as with discriminations of other features, it has been found that it is the ratio between two durations rather than their absolute difference that controls the ability of an animal to discriminate them. Here, we show that scalp-recorded event-related electrical brain potentials (ERPs) in both adults and 10-month-old human infants, in response to changes in interstimulus interval (ISI), appear to obey the scalar property found in time perception in adults, children, and nonhuman animals. Using a timing-interval oddball paradigm, we tested adults and infants in conditions where the ratio between the standard and deviant interval in a train of homogeneous auditory stimuli varied such that there was a 1:4 (only for the infants), 1:3, 1:2, and 2:3 ratio between the standard and deviant intervals. We found that the amplitude of the deviant-triggered mismatch negativity ERP component (deviant-ISI ERP minus standard-ISI ERP) varied as a function of the ratio of the standard to deviant interval. Moreover, when absolute values were varied and ratio was held constant, the mismatch negativity did not vary.

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Short- and long-term habituation of auditory event-related potentials in the rat

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.2-182.v1 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 182

Author(s):

Kestutis Gurevicius ◽

Arto Lipponen ◽

Rimante Minkeviciene ◽

Heikki Tanila

Keyword(s):

Mismatch Negativity ◽

Standard Stimulus ◽

Specific Effect ◽

Event Related Potentials ◽

Auditory Evoked Potential ◽

Oddball Paradigm ◽

Evoked Responses ◽

Auditory Oddball ◽

Long Duration ◽

Related Potentials

An auditory oddball paradigm in humans generates a long-duration cortical negative potential, often referred to as mismatch negativity. Similar negativity has been documented in monkeys and cats, but it is controversial whether mismatch negativity also exists in awake rodents. To this end, we recorded cortical and hippocampal evoked responses in rats during alert immobility under a typical passive oddball paradigm that yields mismatch negativity in humans. The standard stimulus was a 9 kHz tone and the deviant either 7 or 11 kHz tone in the first condition. We found no evidence of a sustained potential shift when comparing evoked responses to standard and deviant stimuli. Instead, we found repetition-induced attenuation of the P60 component of the combined evoked response in the cortex, but not in the hippocampus. The attenuation extended over three days of recording and disappeared after 20 intervening days of rest. Reversal of the standard and deviant tones resulted is a robust enhancement of the N40 component not only in the cortex but also in the hippocampus. Responses to standard and deviant stimuli were affected similarly. Finally, we tested the effect of scopolamine in this paradigm. Scopolamine attenuated cortical N40 and P60 as well as hippocampal P60 components, but had no specific effect on the deviant response. We conclude that in an oddball paradigm the rat demonstrates repetition-induced attenuation of mid-latency responses, which resembles attenuation of the N1-component of human auditory evoked potential, but no mismatch negativity.

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Increment and decrement tone frequency effects in English-speaking adults

10.31234/osf.io/dm6ys ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Alycia Erin Cummings ◽

Amebu Seddoh

Keyword(s):

Mismatch Negativity ◽

Event Related Potential ◽

Oddball Paradigm ◽

High Pitch ◽

Tone Frequency ◽

Frequency Effects ◽

Standard Tone ◽

Stimulus Set ◽

English Speaking ◽

Pure Tones

Mismatch negativity (MMN) has been shown to vary in amplitude and latency depending on deviance magnitude. However, how tone deviance direction affects its generation is poorly understood due to paucity of data. The present study sought to determine whether increment and decrement frequencies with deviance magnitudes of 20, 40, and 50 Hz yield differential MMN responses. English-speaking adults were presented two sets of standard and deviant pure tones in a passive event-related potential (ERP) oddball paradigm. Both stimulus sets had the same standard tone of 200 Hz. Each standard tone was accompanied by a set of either increment or decrement deviant tones. The increment tones were 220, 240, and 250 Hz, and the decrement tones were 180, 160, and 150 Hz. Thus, regardless of direction, deviance magnitudes were kept the same at 20 Hz, 40 Hz, and 50 Hz across each stimulus set. Results showed that ERP amplitudes varied according to deviance direction. Decrement stimuli of 160 Hz and 150 Hz elicited larger MMN responses than their corresponding increment stimuli (240 Hz and 150 Hz). These outcomes are consistent with data that indicate that the perception of low and high pitch is mediated by differential discrimination thresholds.

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A Critical Review of the Deviance Detection Theory of Mismatch Negativity

NeuroSci ◽

10.3390/neurosci2020011 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 151-165

Author(s):

Jamie A. O’Reilly ◽

Amonrat O’Reilly

Keyword(s):

Mismatch Negativity ◽

Primary Source ◽

Detection Theory ◽

Event Related Potential ◽

Oddball Paradigm ◽

Memory Representation ◽

Widespread Application ◽

Auditory Oddball ◽

Deviance Detection ◽

Processing Theory

Mismatch negativity (MMN) is a component of the difference waveform derived from passive auditory oddball stimulation. Since its inception in 1978, this has become one of the most popular event-related potential techniques, with over two-thousand published studies using this method. This is a testament to the ingenuity and commitment of generations of researchers engaging in basic, clinical and animal research. Despite this intensive effort, high-level descriptions of the mechanisms theorized to underpin mismatch negativity have scarcely changed over the past four decades. The prevailing deviance detection theory posits that MMN reflects inattentive detection of difference between repetitive standard and infrequent deviant stimuli due to a mismatch between the unexpected deviant and a memory representation of the standard. Evidence for these mechanisms is inconclusive, and a plausible alternative sensory processing theory considers fundamental principles of sensory neurophysiology to be the primary source of differences between standard and deviant responses evoked during passive oddball stimulation. By frequently being restated without appropriate methods to exclude alternatives, the potentially flawed deviance detection theory has remained largely dominant, which could lead some researchers and clinicians to assume its veracity implicitly. It is important to have a more comprehensive understanding of the source(s) of MMN generation before its widespread application as a clinical biomarker. This review evaluates issues of validity concerning the prevailing theoretical account of mismatch negativity and the passive auditory oddball paradigm, highlighting several limitations regarding its interpretation and clinical application.

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Effect of deviance direction on generation of mismatch negativity

10.31234/osf.io/cngtp ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Alycia Erin Cummings ◽

Amebu Seddoh

Keyword(s):

Mismatch Negativity ◽

Event Related Potential ◽

The Other ◽

Future Research ◽

Oddball Paradigm ◽

High Frequencies ◽

English Speaking ◽

Pure Tones

Several studies have shown that Mismatch negativity (MMN) varies in amplitude and latency depending on deviance magnitude. By contrast, the effect of deviance direction is poorly understood due to paucity of data on this aspect of MMN generation. The present study sought to determine whether increment and decrement frequencies of 100 Hz and 200 Hz yield differential MMN responses. English-speaking adults were presented two sets of standard and deviant pure tones in a passive event-related potential (ERP) oddball paradigm. Opposing stimulus sets presented 850 Hz and 1050 Hz tones as standards in one set and deviants in the other. A third tone, 950 Hz, served as a deviant in both stimulus sets. ERP amplitudes and latencies elicited by deviance direction (increment vs. decrement) and magnitude (100 Hz vs. 200 Hz) were examined across the two stimulus sets. Results showed that ERP amplitudes and latencies varied according to deviance magnitude, but not deviance direction. The absence of an effect of deviance direction was attributed to the high frequencies of the stimuli used. However, given the paucity of data, this possibility needs to be considered as a speculation that warrants validation in future research.

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The Nature of Preattentive Storage in the Auditory System

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ◽

10.1162/jocn.1995.7.1.81 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 81-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Hilary Gomes ◽

Walter Ritter ◽

Herbert G. Vaughan

Keyword(s):

Auditory System ◽

Mismatch Negativity ◽

Event Related Potentials ◽

Oddball Paradigm ◽

Identical Stimulus ◽

Standard Tone ◽

Wide Range ◽

Related Potentials ◽

Stimulus Features

Event-related potentials were recorded to tones that subjects ignored while reading a book of their choosing. In all conditions, 90% of the tones were 100 msec in duration and 10% of the tones were 170 msec in duration. In a control condition, a customary oddball paradigm was used in which all of the tones were identical except for the longer duration tones. In two conditions, the tones varied over a wide range of tonal frequencies from 700 to 2050 Hz in 10 steps of 150 Hz. In another condition, the tones varied over the same frequencies but also varied in intensity from about 60 to 87 dB in steps of 3 dB. Thus, there was no “standard” tone in the sense of a frequently presented tone that had identical stimulus features. A mismatch negativity (MMN) was elicited in all conditions. The data are discussed in terms of the storage of information in the memory upon which the MMN is based.

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