The hippocampus and depression

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (S3) ◽  
pp. 300s-305s ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.I. Sheline ◽  
B.L. Mittler ◽  
M.A. Mintun
Keyword(s):  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Hippocampal Volume ◽  
Volume Loss ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
And Function ◽  
With Memory ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

SummaryThe effect of depression on the hippocampus has become the focus of a number of structural and functional neuroimaging studies. In the past two decades, advances in neuroimaging techniques now allow the examination of subtle changes in both regional structure and function that are associated with the pathophysiology of depression. Many studies using 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volumetric measurement have reported decreases in hippocampal volume among depressed subjects compared with controls, whereas other studies have not found any volume loss. Differences among studies have been discussed. In some studies, the volume loss appears to have functional significance including an association with memory loss. Furthermore, we have found a trend towards loss of 5-HT2A receptors in the hippocampus using positron emission tomography (PET) to detect regional changes in [18F]altanserin binding. Functional imaging extends the sensitivity and specificity of structural imaging and will lead to a better understanding of affective disorders.

scholarly journals Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease. Part 1. The Potential of Functional Neuroimaging

Doctor Ru ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
M.R. Sapronova ◽  
◽  
D.V. Dmitrenko ◽  
N.A. Schnaider ◽  
A.A. Molgachev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Transcranial Sonography ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

Objective of the Review: To describe available functional neuroimaging techniques for use in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Key Points: Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder which affects 2-3% of people older than 65 years. The main neuropathological hallmarks of PD are an accumulation of alpha-synuclein aggregates in the cellular cytoplasm and a loss of neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra, leading to dopamine deficiency. Clinical symptoms of the disease appear when the underlying neural impairment is already advanced, which significantly reduces treatment options. Over the two last decades, functional neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and transcranial sonography have increasingly been used for diagnosing PD during patients’ lifetime and understanding the neuropathological mechanisms and compensatory reactions underlying its symptoms, as well as for monitoring the progression of PD. Conclusion: Modern functional neuroimaging techniques not only facilitate differential diagnosis of PD, but also make it possible to detect the disease at its early/preclinical stage. Keywords: Parkinson’s disease, neuroimaging, positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, transcranial sonography.

Neuroimaging in autism

1998 ◽  
Vol 173 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoumitro Deb ◽  
Bill Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Structural Abnormality ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
And Function ◽  
Distressing Condition ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques ◽  
Methodological Difficulties

BackgroundChildhood autism is a developmental disorder with distinctive clinical features and characteristic cognitive deficits. Neuroimaging techniques have been extensively used in the study of autism and related disorders.MethodRecent important literature reported on structural and functional neuroimaging in autism was reviewed and discussed in the context of other neurobiological research findings.ResultsVarious abnormalities of brain structure and function have been proposed, but no focal defect has been reliably demonstrated. Important findings, so far, include increased brain volume, structural abnormality in frontal lobe and corpus callosum in a proportion of autistic individuals. Functional neuroimaging findings emphasised the imbalance in interregional and inter-hemispheric brain metabolism and blood flow as well as abnormality in the anterior cingulate gyrus.ConclusionThe research to date has been hindered by methodological difficulties. However, hypothesis-driven research, particularly involving activation studies and neurotransmitter/neuroreceptor activities, using functional neuroimaging will be very useful in unravelling the enigma associated with this intriguing and distressing condition.

scholarly journals Morphological and Advanced Imaging of Epilepsy: Beyond the Basics

Children ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aikaterini Fitsiori ◽  
Shivaprakash Hiremath ◽  
José Boto ◽  
Valentina Garibotto ◽  
Maria Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Structural Condition ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Epilepsy Syndrome ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Pharmacoresistant Epilepsy ◽  
Anti Epileptic Drug ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

The etiology of epilepsy is variable and sometimes multifactorial. Clinical course and response to treatment largely depend on the precise etiology of the seizures. Along with the electroencephalogram (EEG), neuroimaging techniques, in particular, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are the most important tools for determining the possible etiology of epilepsy. Over the last few years, there have been many developments in data acquisition and analysis for both morphological and functional neuroimaging of people suffering from this condition. These innovations have increased the detection of underlying structural pathologies, which have till recently been classified as “cryptogenic” epilepsy. Cryptogenic epilepsy is often refractory to anti-epileptic drug treatment. In drug-resistant patients with structural or consistent functional lesions related to the epilepsy syndrome, surgery is the only treatment that can offer a seizure-free outcome. The pre-operative detection of the underlying structural condition increases the odds of successful surgical treatment of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. This article provides a comprehensive overview of neuroimaging techniques in epilepsy, highlighting recent advances and innovations and summarizes frequent etiologies of epilepsy in order to improve the diagnosis and management of patients suffering from seizures, especially young patients and children.

Neuroimaging in Migraine—Recent Advances and Perspectives for the Future

US Neurology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 06 (01) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Brian K Day ◽  
David W Dodick ◽  
Todd J Schwedt ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
White Matter Lesions ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Sites Of Action ◽  
Functional Connectivity Mri ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

Migraine is a very common disorder that imposes substantial individual and societal costs. A better understanding of migraine mechanisms may lead to the development of new therapies and thus improve the management of migraine patients. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques and positron emission tomography (PET) have revolutionized our understanding of migraine pathophysiology as a primary central nervous system (CNS) disorder, advanced the search for a central migraine generator, clarified the role of cortical spreading depression (CSD) and central sensitization in the pathogenesis of migraine, and revealed some potential sites of action of migraine medications. Structural imaging has shed light on relationships between migraine and stroke, white matter lesions, iron deposition, microstructural brain damage, and other gray and white matter aberrations. Emerging neuroimaging techniques, such as arterial spin labeling (ASL) and functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI), are beginning to provide further evidence of functional brain alterations in migraine patients. Ultimately, it is hoped that advanced neuroimaging will benefit the individual migraine patient by enhancing our diagnostic abilities, allowing for development of better treatments and serving as an important tool in medical decision-making.

Neuroimaging technologies

2020 ◽  
pp. 101-112
Author(s):  
Mark Woolrich ◽  
Mark Jenkinson ◽  
Clare Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Experimental Medicine ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

The brain is a highly complex system that is inaccessible to biopsy, which puts human brain imaging at the heart of our attempts to understand psychiatric disorders. Imaging has the potential to uncover the pathophysiology, provide biomarkers for use in the development and monitoring of treatments, and stratify patients for studies and trials. This chapter introduces the three main brain imaging technologies that are used to assay brain structure and function: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), molecular imaging positron emission tomography (PET), and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT); electrophysiology [electroencephoaography (EEG)]; and magnetoencephalograpy (MEG). The chapter outlines the principles behind their use and the nature of the information that can be extracted. Together, these brain imaging methods can provide complementary windows into the living brain as an increasingly essential suite of tools for experimental medicine in psychiatry.

Biological Basis of Emotions: Brain Systems and Brain Development

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 102 (Supplement_E1) ◽  
pp. 1225-1229
Author(s):  
Harry T. Chugani
Keyword(s):  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Emotional Development ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Brain Metabolism ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Biological Basis ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

Functional neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography have made it possible to investigate brain metabolism noninvasively during development. Studies have revealed a dynamic period of metabolic maturation and neuronal growth corresponding to the processes of synaptic proliferation and pruning of unused pathways. This physiologic plasticity is believed to be the biological basis for a critical period of learning and emotional development.

Brain Imaging Methodologies

2013 ◽  
pp. 199-211
Author(s):  
Hanzhang Lu ◽  
Yihong Yang ◽  
Peiying Liu
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Treatment Monitoring ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Neuroimaging allows the study of psychiatric and neurological disorders on a systems level. It contains many sub-modalities that can reflect different aspects of brain anatomy, physiology, and function. Collectively, they provide a powerful toolbox for researchers and clinician to better understand the neurobiology of the disease and improve diagnosis. The greatest advantage of neuroimaging is that most modalities can be performed noninvasively, thereby it represents the most direct means to “look” inside the brain in living humans. This chapter focuses on several emerging neuroimaging methodologies in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and positron emission tomography (PET) that are capable of making a major impact in the understanding, diagnostics and treatment monitoring of mental illness in the coming years.

Imaging in Encephalitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (03) ◽  
pp. 312-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun Venkatesan ◽  
Balaji Jagdish
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Encephalitis ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Pet Scanning ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Brain Reorganization ◽  
And Function ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractDespite recent advances in diagnostic and therapeutic modalities for infectious and autoimmune encephalitis, the management of patients with suspected or confirmed encephalitis poses a great challenge to physicians. Neuroimaging, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) scanning, can play a crucial role in substantiating the diagnosis of encephalitis and eliminating clinical mimics of encephalitis from consideration. Moreover, characteristic neuroimaging patterns can aid in defining specific infectious and autoimmune etiologies. Volumetric and functional MRI, in particular, are being increasingly used to characterize outcomes following encephalitis and can shed light on brain reorganization and function after the acute phase of disease has resolved. Here, we discuss the uses of structural, functional, and PET neuroimaging in the clinical assessment of the acute and recovery phases of encephalitis.

scholarly journals Can Dynamic MRI Be Used to Accurately Identify Velopharyngeal Closure Patterns?

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie L. Perry ◽  
Kazlin Mason ◽  
Bradley P. Sutton ◽  
David P. Kuehn
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Mri ◽  
Dynamic Imaging ◽  
Imaging Method ◽  
Rater Reliability ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Velopharyngeal Closure ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Dynamic Acquisition ◽  
And Function

Background: Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been proposed as a non-invasive, child-friendly, reproducible, and repeatable imaging method providing a 3-dimensional view of the velopharyngeal structures and function during speech. However, the value of dynamic MRI as compared to imaging methods such as nasopharyngoscopy is not well understood. The aim of this study was to compare the ability of nasopharyngoscopy and dynamic MRI to accurately identify velopharyngeal closure patterns among adults without cleft palate. Methods: Participants included 34 healthy adults with normal anatomy between 19 and 33 years of age (mean = 23 years; SD = 4.1 years). Participants underwent dynamic MRI and nasopharyngoscopy studies and comparisons were performed to determine the intra- and inter-rater reliability for accurately determining closure pattern. The MRI acquisition was a dynamic acquisition of a 2D plane. Results: Strong inter- (κ = .824; P < .001) and intra-rater (Rater 1: κ = 0.879, P < .001, 94% agreement between ratings; Rater 2 with 100% agreement) agreement was observed for the identification of closure pattern using nasopharyngoscopy. Inter-rater agreement for ratings using MRI demonstrated moderate agreement (κ = .489; P < .004). Examining point agreement revealed only 27 of the 33 ratings of MRI showed agreement (80%). Conclusion: This demonstrates that inter-rater reliability for determining closure patterns from nasopharyngoscopy is good; however, ratings using MRI was less reliable at determining closure patterns. It is likely that future improvements in dynamic imaging with MRI to enable 3D visualizations are needed for improved diagnostic accuracy for assessing velopharyngeal closure patterns.

CS02-01 - Imaging the serotonergic system

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1771-1771
Author(s):  
R. Lanzenberger ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Clinical Prognosis ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Important Objective ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

Biological markers are an important objective in psychiatric research. Molecular and functional neuroimaging techniques are promising tools to provide these biomarkers that may be used for early detection, indication of presence and severity of psychiatric disorders, prediction of treatment response and clinical prognosis. In this lecture, recent results from molecular imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) will be presented, including cerebral quantification of several major players in serotonergic neurotransmission, i.e. the serotonin transporter, the serotonin 1A, 2A, and 1B receptor subtypes, and the degrading enzyme MAOA. Differences between psychiatric disorders will be discussed. Furthermore, pharmacological effects on these targets and brain activation will be shown using PET and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

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