Fetuin-A Is Risk Factor for Type 2 Diabetes in Elderly

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular disease, because of the accelerated process of atherosclerosis. Obesity is an established risk factor and has gained immense importance in recent studies as an important risk factor for clinical cardiovascular disease, yet the fundamental component stays unclear. Calf circumference is another form for lean mass and peripheral subcutaneous fat and is inversely associated with occurrence of carotid plaques (CP). Multiplicative and opposite effects of both Calf Circumference (CC) and Waist Circumference (WC) in event of CP suggest that the two measures should be taken into account commonly while assessing vascular risk profile. Aim & Objective: To ascertain if waist to calf circumference ratio (WCR) is a marker of Carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. To asses s the correlation between waist to calf circumference ratio and carotid intima media thickness (CIMT ) in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Materials and methods: A cross sectional study at Hospital affiliated to Kasturba Medical college Mangalore from Sept 2016 to Sept 2018 . Method of study: Patients with type 2 DM as per ADA criteria, age >18years are recruited for the study. Results and discussion: In our study with 150 population 25 patients had carotid atherosclerosis and 20 patients had CIMT>1.1. The waist circumference in patients with CA is in the range of 93.07 and 99.85 & the CC in patients with CA is in the range of 29.49 to 31.25. The WCR in patients with CA is in the range of 3.12 to 3.26. The difference was statistically significant with a p value of <0.05. In our study it was found that WC and WCR correlated well with carotid atherosclerosis, and surprisingly calf circumference also correlated with carotid atherosclerosis but not as significant as both WC and WCR. Conclusion: To conclude, in our population based study of 150 subjects we found that carotid atherosclerosis is significantly more in people with increased waist calf circumference ratio. WCR may be a new, useful and practical anthropometric index that facilitates the early identification of diabetic subjects with high risk for cardiovascular disease. Validation of this finding in individual populations is required. Future studies should test the association of calf circumference with carotid intima media thickness and carotid plaques using better measures than ultrasound such as magnetic resonance imaging. Further research focusing on underlying mechanisms in the role of lean mass and peripheral fat mass is required.

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High levels of organochlorine pesticides in drinking water as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes: A study in north India

Environmental Pollution ◽

10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116287 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 271 ◽

pp. 116287

Author(s):

Shipra Tyagi ◽

Manushi Siddarth ◽

Brijesh Kumar Mishra ◽

Basu Dev Banerjee ◽

Abdul Jamil Urfi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Organochlorine Pesticides ◽

North India

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Long Non-Coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in Cardiovascular Disease Complication of Type 2 Diabetes

Diagnostics ◽

10.3390/diagnostics11010145 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 145

Author(s):

Nurruzanna Ismail ◽

Noraidatulakma Abdullah ◽

Nor Azian Abdul Murad ◽

Rahman Jamal ◽

Siti Aishah Sulaiman

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Disease Progression ◽

Biological Fluids ◽

Specific Cell ◽

New Paradigm ◽

Diagnostic Potential ◽

Non Coding Rnas

The discovery of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has opened a new paradigm to use ncRNAs as biomarkers to detect disease progression. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) have garnered the most attention due to their specific cell-origin and their existence in biological fluids. Type 2 diabetes patients will develop cardiovascular disease (CVD) complications, and CVD remains the top risk factor for mortality. Understanding the lncRNA roles in T2D and CVD conditions will allow the future use of lncRNAs to detect CVD complications before the symptoms appear. This review aimed to discuss the roles of lncRNAs in T2D and CVD conditions and their diagnostic potential as molecular biomarkers for CVD complications in T2D.

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Type-2 Diabetes as a Risk Factor for Severe COVID-19 Infection

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9061211 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 1211

Author(s):

Mahnaz Norouzi ◽

Shaghayegh Norouzi ◽

Alistaire Ruggiero ◽

Mohammad S. Khan ◽

Stephen Myers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Significant Risk Factor ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽

Immune System Dysfunction ◽

Current Outbreak

The current outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), termed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has generated a notable challenge for diabetic patients. Overall, people with diabetes have a higher risk of developing different infectious diseases and demonstrate increased mortality. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a significant risk factor for COVID-19 progression and its severity, poor prognosis, and increased mortality. How diabetes contributes to COVID-19 severity is unclear; however, it may be correlated with the effects of hyperglycemia on systemic inflammatory responses and immune system dysfunction. Using the envelope spike glycoprotein SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors, a key protein expressed in metabolic organs and tissues such as pancreatic islets. Therefore, it has been suggested that diabetic patients are more susceptible to severe SARS-CoV-2 infections, as glucose metabolism impairments complicate the pathophysiology of COVID-19 disease in these patients. In this review, we provide insight into the COVID-19 disease complications relevant to diabetes and try to focus on the present data and growing concepts surrounding SARS-CoV-2 infections in T2DM patients.

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Relationship between country income, socioeconomic factors and control of cardiovascular disease risk factors in patients with type 2 Diabetes: insights from the global DISCOVER registry

European Heart Journal ◽

10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.2832 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

A Malik ◽

H Chen ◽

A Cooper ◽

M Gomes ◽

V Hejjaji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Optimal Control ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Socioeconomic Factors ◽

Funding Source ◽

Risk Factor Control ◽

Cv Disease

Abstract Background In patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), optimal management of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors is critical for primary prevention of CV disease. Purpose To describe the association of country income and patient socioeconomic factors with risk factor control in patients with T2D. Methods DISCOVER is a 37-country, prospective, observational study of 15,983 patients with T2D enrolled between January 2016 and December 2018 at initiation of 2nd-line glucose-lowering therapy and followed for 3 years. In patients without known CV disease with sub-optimally controlled risk factors at baseline, we examined achievement of risk factor control (HbA1c <7%, BP <140/90 mmHg, appropriate statin) at the 3 year follow-up. Countries were stratified by gross national income (GNI)/capita, per World Bank report. We explored variability across countries in risk factor control achievement using hierarchical logistic regression models and examined the association of country- and patient-level economic factors with risk factor control. Results Among 9,613 patients with T2D but without CV disease (mean age 57.2 years, 47.9% women), 83.1%, 37.5%, and 66.3% did not have optimal control of glucose, BP, and statins, respectively, at baseline. Of these, 40.8%, 55.5%, and 28.6% achieved optimal control at 3 years of follow-up. There was substantial variability in achievement of risk factor control across countries (Figure) but no association of country GNI/capita on achievement of risk factor control (Table). Insurance status, which differed substantially by GNI group, was strongly associated with glycemic control, with no insurance and public insurance associated with lower odds of patients achieving HbA1c <7%. Conclusions In a global cohort of patients with T2D, a substantial proportion do not achieve risk factor control even after 3 years of follow-up. The variability across countries in risk factor control is not explained by the GNI/capita of the country. Proportion of patients at goal Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Private company. Main funding source(s): The DISCOVER study is funded by AstraZeneca

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