Drug Targeting Technology: Physical – Chemical – Biological Methods

Traditional wastewater purification processes are based on a combination of physical, chemical, and biological methods; however, typical electrochemical techniques for removing pollutants require large amounts of electrical energy. In this study, we report on a process of wastewater purification, through continuous anodic dissolution of iron anode for aerated Cu/Fe galvanic cell in synthetic Na2SO4 wastewater solution. Electrochemical experiments were conducted by means of a laboratory size electrolyzer, where electrocoagulation along with electrooxidation phenomena were examined for wastewater containing Acid Mixture dye. The above was visualized through the employment of electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry and ac impedance spectroscopy techniques) along with instrumental spectroscopy analyses.

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Biological Strategies To Counteract the Effects of Mycotoxins

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-72.9.2006 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 72 (9) ◽

pp. 2006-2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

BULENT KABAK ◽

ALAN D. W. DOBSON

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Adverse Effects ◽

Fungal Infection ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Biological Methods ◽

Fungal Secondary Metabolites

Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites that if ingested can cause a variety of adverse effects on both humans and animals, ranging from allergic responses to death. Therefore, exposure to mycotoxins should be minimized. A variety of physical, chemical, and biological methods have been developed for decontamination and/or detoxification of mycotoxins from contaminated foods and feeds. This overview details the latest developments in the biological control of both fungal infection and mycotoxin formation and describes the detoxification of many of the most important mycotoxins by microorganisms. This review also addresses the potential for use of microorganisms as mycotoxin binders in the gastrointestinal tract of both humans and animals, thereby reducing the potential deleterious effects of exposure to these toxins.

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Detection and Biodetoxification of Aflatoxins in Food

Asian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.14233/ajchem.2021.23315 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 33 (10) ◽

pp. 2260-2266

Author(s):

B. Aishwarya ◽

G.S. Vaidyanathan ◽

Avaya Manivannan ◽

M. Jaswanth Sha Allan ◽

Seema A. Kulkarni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Early Stage ◽

Aflatoxin Contamination ◽

Toxic Waste ◽

Food And Agriculture ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Highly Sensitive ◽

Public Health Hazards ◽

Biological Methods ◽

Detection Strategies ◽

Screening Approaches

Harmful agents such as toxins, chemicals and pollution are causing public health hazards around the world. The food and agriculture sectors in particular are highly sensitive to exposure to toxic waste. Among the various toxic products of microbial extraction, aflatoxin is a deadly mycotoxin produced by the species Aspergillus. Aflatoxin contamination is common in commercial foodstuffs, veterinary foods as well as in cosmetics. However, some viable strategies related to the screening and detection are considered an important response by the scientific community to prevent early-stage contamination, followed by detection or screening approaches. This article presents current study that emphasizes the effectiveness of biosensors as a good indicator of aflatoxin detection strategies and also the detoxification of the identified aflatoxins, which causes food spoilage and industrial losses by physical, chemical and biological methods

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Integration of Physical, Chemical and Biological Methods for the Treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent

Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry ◽

10.11648/j.sjac.20140202.11 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 7 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Oyakhilome Gloria Irenosen

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Palm Oil Mill ◽

Biological Methods

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Review on Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Physical, Chemical and Biological Methods

International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research ◽

10.14299/ijser.2016.10.008 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (10) ◽

pp. 551-554

Author(s):

Asim Kumar Swain

Keyword(s):

Silver Nanoparticles ◽

Green Synthesis ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Biological Methods

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Kinetika detoksifikasi umbi gadung (dioscorea hispida dennst.) secara fermentasi dengan kapang mucor racemosus

REAKTOR ◽

10.14710/reaktor.17.2.81-88 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 81 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marissa Widiyanti ◽

Andri Cahyo Kumoro

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Specific Growth Rate ◽

Specific Growth ◽

Cyanogenic Glucosides ◽

Mucor Racemosus ◽

Dry Land ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Fungal Fermentation ◽

Biological Methods ◽

Kinetics Of

Abstract THE KINETICS OF GADUNG (Dioscorea hispida dennst.) TUBER DETOXIFICATION VIA FUNGAL FERMENTATION USING Mucor racemosus. Bitter yam (Dioscorea hispida Dennst.) is one of carbohydrate sources used as staple food commonly found in Indonesian dry-land. However, this tuber has been underutilized due to the presence of an antinutrition compound, namely cyanogenic glucosides. Removal of cyanides from foodstuffs can be done either by physical, chemical or biological methods. In this study, the effect of time on the detoxification of gadung tuber chips from cyanides via fermentation using Mucor racemosus and its kinetics were investigated. Gadung chip samples were withdrawn from the fermentation system at every 24 hours interval for biomass and cyanides contents analysis. It was clear that the cyanides content decreased as the fermentation went by. Safely consumed gadung tuber chips were obtained from fermentation of the chips for 120 hours from which cyanides content as low as 49.41 mg/kg was achieved. The logistic equation successfully described the growth rate of Mucor racemosus under studied condition. The specific growth rate of Mucor racemosus in gadung chips was found to be 0.0297/hr or about a half of specific growth rate of that mold when grown in the readily consumed yeast-pepton-glucose (YPG) media. Keywords: fermentation; yam; monod; Mucor racemosus; cyanogen Abstrak Umbi gadung (Dioscorea hispida Dennst.) merupakan salah satu sumber karbohidrat yang digunakan sebagai makanan pokok yang biasa ditemukan di lahan kering di wilayah Indonesia. Namun, umbi ini kurang dimanfaatkan karena adanya senyawa antinutrisi, yaitu cyanogenic glucosides. Penghilangan senyawa sianida dari bahan makanan dapat dilakukan baik dengan metode fisik, kimia atau biologi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh waktu pada detoksifikasi irisan umbi gadung dari senyawa sianida melalui fermentasi dengan menggunakan kapang Mucor racemosus dan kinetikanya. Cuplikan irisan umbi gadung diambil dari sistem fermentasi pada setiap jeda waktu 24 jam untuk dianalisis kadar biomassa dan sianidanya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kandungan sianida menurun seiring dengan bertambahnya waktu fermentasi. Irisan umbi gadung yang aman dikonsumsi dapat diperoleh dari fermentasi irisan ubi gadung selama 120 jam dengan kandungan sianida serendah 49,41 mg/kg. Persamaan logistik berhasil menggambarkan tingkat pertumbuhan kapang Mucor racemosus dengan baik. Tingkat pertumbuhan spesifik dari Mucor racemosus pada irisan umbi gadung adalah 0,0297/jam atau sekitar setengah dari laju pertumbuhan spesifik jamur tersebut saat dibudidayakan pada media yang siap dikonsumsi, seperti ragi-pepton-glukosa (YPG). Kata kunci: fermentasi; gadung; monod; Mucor racemosus; sianogen

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Wastewater Treatment of Mariout Lake Drains Using Combined Physical, Chemical, and Biological Methods in Microcosm Experiments

Aquatic Science and Technology ◽

10.5296/ast.v7i2.14651 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 46 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hermine RZ Tadros ◽

Samia Kh Hamdona ◽

Mary G Ghobrial ◽

Mona F El-Naggar ◽

Omayma H Abd El-Hamid

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Black Pepper ◽

Sewage Water ◽

Piper Nigrum ◽

Wastewater Treatment Process ◽

Agricultural Wastewater ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Biological Methods ◽

Fish Productivity

The treatment of wastewater is a must due to the decrease of clean water and the increase in the consumption of fresh water for domestic uses. This study discusses the physical, chemical, and biological treatments of water from different types of Mariout Lake drains. It also aims at a designation of appropriate wastewater treatment process for sewage water (El-Qalah drain), agriculture water (El-Umoum drain), and raw drinking water before treatment (Nubareya canal) so as to adopt an appropriate procedure to be applied as the drains discharge their wastewaters in Mariout Lake affecting its water quality as well as its fish productivity. Obtaining secure effluents for discharge in natural water bodies (El-Mex bay), or using treated effluents in agriculture or industrial purposes, is a target too, open for estimation. Alum, aeration beside two natural medicinal plants, piper nigrum (Black Pepper) and dry ginger (Zingiber officinalis), and the eukaryotic microorganism yeast, were used for treatment, in addition to the freshwater submerged macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum.The results of the physicochemical parameters revealed that the best material for treatment in El-Qalaa sewage drain was by Alum + Aeration + Ginger + Ceratophylum demersum.The most preferable material for both the raw drinking water of Nubareya canal and El-Umoum agricultural wastewater was Alum + Aeration + Yeast + Ceratophylum demersum.Regarding the four trace metals' (Zn, Pb, Fe, and Cu) concentration treatments, the best treatment in all cases was found to be Alum + Aeration + Yeast + Ceratophylum demersum, except for Zn in El-Qalaa sewage water which had to be treated by Alum + Aeration + Ginger + Ceratophylum demersum.

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