Social equity issues and water supply under conditions of ‘water stress’: a study of low- and high-income households in Greater Amman, Jordan

Both water stress and P deficit limit soybean seed yield, but the effects of water regimes and P application rates, their interaction on P status, acquisition, and partitioning, and their roles in yield performance have not been well-studied. Two soybean genotypes (Huangsedadou (HD) and Zhonghuang 30 (ZH)) with contrasting seed yield and root dry weight (DW) were used to investigate the P status, P acquisition, P partitioning, and yield formation under two water regimes (well-watered (WW) and cyclic water stress (WS)) and three P rates (0 (P0), 60 (P60), and 120 (P120) mg P kg−1 dry soil). The results show that increased P and water supply increased the seed yield, shoot and root DW and P concentrations and accumulations in different organs. Cultivar ZH had a significantly higher seed yield than HD at P60 and P120 under WS and at P0 under WW, but a lower seed yield at P60 and P120 under WW. Cultivar ZH had a significantly higher P harvest index and P acquisition efficiency, but a significantly lower shoot and root DW than HD. The interaction between water treatments and P rates had significant effects on leaf and stem P concentration. Cultivar ZH had significantly lower P partitioning to leaves and stems but significantly higher P partitioning to seeds than HD. The seed yield was positively correlated with leaf and seed P accumulations and P acquisition efficiency under WS. We conclude that (1) adequate water supply improved the P mobilization from leaves and stems at maturity, which may have improved the seed yield; and (2) the high P acquisition efficiency is coordination to high P partition to seeds to produce a high seed yield under water- and P-limited conditions.

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Morphological Features and Biomass Partitioning of Lucerne Plants (Medicago sativa L.) Subjected to Water Stress

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10030322 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 322

Author(s):

Yong-Zhong Luo ◽

Guang Li ◽

Guijun Yan ◽

Hui Liu ◽

Neil C. Turner

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Water Supply ◽

Lateral Root ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Agricultural Systems ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Severe Water Stress ◽

Medicago Sativa L ◽

Leaf Dry Weight ◽

Semi Arid

Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses affecting the morphological, physiological, and metabolic processes of plants, and hence their growth and production on a global scale. Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) is one of the most popular pasture species in semi-arid regions and plays a critical role in sustaining agricultural systems in many areas of the world. In order to evaluate the effect of water deficits on the growth and biomass distribution in different tissues of lucerne, plant height, leaf dry weight, leaf number and area, root dry weight, taproot length and lateral root number, and stem dry weight were measured at four stages from the seedling to flowering stages under three water regimes: (i) adequate water supply (minimum soil water content 85% pot capacity (PC)), (ii) moderate water stress (65% PC), and (iii) severe water stress (45% PC), imposed under a rainout shelter. With limited water supply, plant height, leaf number, leaf area and dry weight, taproot length, and total biomass were reduced, while lateral root numbers increased. The number of smaller leaves and root dry weight increased under moderate water stress, whereas severe water stress reduced them. Leaf, stem, and total dry weight were all reduced by the water deficits, but leaf dry weight was reduced the most and root dry weight the least, so there was a redistribution of biomass towards the roots, increasing the root–shoot ratio. These results help us to understand the response of lucerce to water stress and assist in developing a foundation for the sustainable use of lucerne in semi-arid agricultural systems.

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Short-Time of Rehydration is not Effective to Re-Establish Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Gas Exchange in Two Cowpea Cultivars Submitted to Water Deficit

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca ◽

10.15835/nbha45110569 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 238-244 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Udson de Oliveira BARROS JUNIOR ◽

Maria Antonia Machado BARBOSA ◽

Michael Douglas Roque LIMA ◽

Gélia Dinah Monteiro VIANA ◽

Allan Klynger da Silva LOBATO

Keyword(s):

Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽

Water Stress ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Water Supply ◽

Water Deficit ◽

Water Restriction ◽

Cowpea Cultivars ◽

The Third ◽

Short Time

Low water supply frequently interferes on chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange. This study aimed to answer if a short-time of rehydration is efficient to re-establish chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange in cowpea plants. The experiment used four treatments (sensitive / water deficit, sensitive / control, tolerant / water deficit and tolerant / control). The sensitive and tolerant cultivars after water restriction had significant changes in gas exchange. On the third day, the stress caused lower for PN and gs in sensitive cultivar of 67% and 45%, respectively. After rehydration these parameters were not recovered significantly to two cultivars. In relation to chlorophyll fluorescence, water stress caused significant changes in all parameters evaluated of cultivars, being observed effects more intense on sensitive cultivar in the parameters Fv/Fm (38%) and Fo (69%). Rehydration did not promote recovery of the values of Fv/Fm and Fo to sensitive cultivar. Therefore, our study revealed that a short-time of rehydration is not effective to re-establish chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange in cowpea plants submitted to water deficit.

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Cold Hardiness of Evergreen Azaleas Increased by Water Stress Imposed at Three Days

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.30.4.848e ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 848E-848

Author(s):

Tomasz Anisko ◽

Orville M. Lindstrom

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Water Supply ◽

Water Potential ◽

Cold Hardiness ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Effect Of Water ◽

Cold Hardy ◽

Reduced Water

The effect of water stress on cold hardiness was examined in evergreen azaleas, `Coral Bell' (CB), `Hinodegiri' (HD), and `Red Ruffle' (RR). Plants were well-watered between 8 Aug. and 1 Nov. (wet) or were subjected to 3 weeks of reduced water supply starting on one of three dates, 1 Aug. (dry 1), 29 Aug. (dry 2), and 19 Sept. (dry 3). Cold hardiness of leaves and lower, middle, and upper stems was tested on 29 Aug., 19 Sept., 10 Oct., 1 Nov. By the end of each 3-week period, water potential of water stressed plants reached –1.5 to –1.8 MPa compared to around –0.8 MPa of well-watered plants. Reducing the water supply significantly increased cold hardiness of all tested plant parts in all cultivars regardless of timing of watering reduction, with two exceptions, CB middle stems on 29 Aug. and HD leaves on 19 Oct. Three weeks after rewatering cold hardiness of water-stressed plants did not differ significantly from well-watered plants, except for HD plants under dry three treatment, which continued to be 1.0 (middle stems) to 4.3 (upper stems) more cold hardy.

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ANALISIS KESEDIAAN MASYARAKAT UNTUK MEMBAYAR (Willingness to Pay) BIAYA PENGADAAN AIR BERSIH (PDAM) DI KOTA PEKANBARU

Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan ◽

10.15294/jtsp.v18i2.7475 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 75-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ari Sandhyavitri ◽

Nessa Riana Putri ◽

Manyuk Fauzi ◽

Sigit Sitikno

Keyword(s):

Willingness To Pay ◽

Water Supply ◽

Low Income ◽

Water Demand ◽

Family Income ◽

Lower Class ◽

High Income ◽

Class Society ◽

Supply Capacity ◽

The Cost

This paper investigated how much the public's willingness to pay (WTP) for the cost of public water supply services (PDAM) in Pekanbaru City. This research also projected how much urban water demand of this city for period of 2014-2032. This study divided samples into two categories, namely (i) middle and high income society, and (ii) low income one. These categories were based on the type of house ownership, and the percentage of low income family in this city This research obtained two main factors affected to the WTP for public water services (Y), such as; (i) the number of family members (X1), and (ii) the amount of family income (X2). The equation formula of Y = -677.816 + 12934.502 X1 + 0.012 X2. The average publics willingness to connect to PDAM for the middle and high income society was 62.13% and for the lower class was 44.44%.There was a trend that the middle and high incomes societys water demand was relatively higher than that the lower one. The amount of water tariffs for middle and high income class society was at the average of Rp.6.615 / m3, and Rp.4.971/m3 for the lower income one. This tariff was higher than the average tariff in 2014 (Rp. 3,300 / m3). The water supply capacity in 2014 was estimated to 620 l/sec, and it was projected that water demand in 2032 will increase to 3,946 l/sec (three folds).Tulisan ini meneliti berapa besar keinginan masyarakat untuk membayar biaya pelayanan pengadaan air bersih (PDAM) di Kota Pekanbaru dan membuat proyeksi kebutuhan air bersih Kota Pekanbaru 2014-2032. Sampel calon pelanggan air bersih dalam penelitian ini dibagi atas dua kategori, yaitu (i) masyarakat kelas menengah keatas,dan (ii) kelas menengah kebawah. Penelitian ini mengidentifikasi dua faktor utama yang mepengaruhi keinginan masyarakat menengah ke atas membayar pelayanan air bersih PDAM (Y), yaitu; (i) jumlah anggota keluarga (X1), dan (ii) besarnya pendapatan keluarga (X2), dengan formula Y= -677,816 + 12934,502 X1 + 0,012 X2. Keinginan untuk menyambung pada masyarakat menengah keatas sebesar 62,13% dan di kelas menengah kebawah adalah 44,44%. Besarnya tarif air bersih yang diinginkan masyarakat menengah keatas Rp.6.615/m3 dan Rp.4.971/m3 untuk kelas menengah kebawah.Tarif ini lebih tinggi dari rata-rata tarif PDAM pada tahun 2014 yaitu Rp. 3.300/m3.Kapasitas pasokan PDAM air pada tahun 2014 adalah 620 l/detik, namun diproyeksikan kebutuhan air bersih meningkat menjadi 3.946 ll / detik untuk tahun 2032.

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Reflections on Private Water Supply: Agency and Equity Issues

Journal of Applied Corporate Finance ◽

10.1111/j.1745-6622.2011.00339.x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 36-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Steve H. Hanke ◽

Stephen J.K. Walters

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Equity Issues

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Using markets to achieve environmental ends: reconciling social equity issues in contemporary water policy in Australia

International Handbook on Social Policy and the Environment ◽

10.4337/9780857936134.00018 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 300-326 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Karen Hussey

Keyword(s):

Water Policy ◽

Social Equity ◽

Equity Issues

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RESPONSE OF BROCCOLI TO FIVE SOIL WATER REGIMES

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps76-154 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 56 (4) ◽

pp. 953-959 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

A. R. MAURER

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Water Supply ◽

Brassica Oleracea ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Type ◽

Field Capacity ◽

Plant Size ◽

Water Regimes ◽

Soil Water Stress ◽

Head Formation

Plants of broccoli, Brassica oleracea var. italica, were grown in weighing lysimeters and exposed to five soil water regimes. These regimes restored soil water to field capacity at 88% of available water for the wet treatment, 60% for the medium and 32% for the dry. In the wet–dry and dry–wet regimes, water depletion levels were changed at time of head formation. Soil water stress imposed prior to heading reduced plant size, but yield of marketable heads was not significantly reduced from that of plants grown in the wet regime when an adequate water supply was maintained after heading. Yield of marketable heads was least in the dry and wet–dry regimes and intermediate in the medium regime. Plants in the dry–wet regime did not consume as much water as those in the wet regime during the period from heading to harvest. In maritime areas which do not normally experience excessively high temperatures, withholding irrigation until heads begin to form can be recommended, provided the soil type is capable of retaining moisture and is at field capacity at planting.

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