PUSH, PULL, AND POPULATION SIZE EFFECTS IN STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT: LONG-RUN TRADE-OFFS

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oksana M. Leukhina ◽  
Stephen J. Turnovsky
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Growth Effect ◽  
Specific Productivity ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Push And Pull

Abstract:The process of structural transformation from the farm to a nonfarm sector is accompanied by technological change in both sectors and massive population growth. We investigate the effects of increasing population size (the population effect) and sector-specific productivity (the push and pull effects), both factor-neutral and factor-biased, in a parsimonious general equilibrium model under general forms of utility and production functions. All three effects may co-exist and interact in important ways. Generalizing the agricultural sector production function to CES is crucial for the population growth effect. Our analysis highlights how the relative importance of the three effects changes as the country develops and production and consumption conditions become more flexible.

Malthus's Vision of the Population Problem in the Essay on Population

1990 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Hollander
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Presidential Address ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Preventive Check ◽  
Economic Association ◽  
Gary Becker ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Stability

In his Presidential address to the American Economic Association, Gary Becker alludes to Thomas Malthus's “great contribution” (1988, p. 1) in a prologue to a wider exploratory discussion of some of the implications for macroeconomics flowing from recent programs in family economics. The content of the contribution as represented here (p. 2) includes diminishing returns to increases in employment “when land and other capital are fixed;” population growth positively related to the wage, the lower population growth at low wages turning on reduced birth rates (the preventive check) and increased death rates (the positive check); and a long-run equilibrium wage at which population is constant at a level determined by the production function. Becker emphasizes the stability of the equilibrium wage in the face of disturbances. A catastrophic reduction in population size (eg. the Black Death) and consequently a wage increase will be followed by positive population growth which restores both the wage and population size to their respective equilibrium levels. In the event of increases in the amount of usuable land, population size will become permanently higher with the wage ultimately reduced to its original long-run level. Becker represents Malthus as reaching “much more pessimistic conclusions about the long-term economic prospects of the average family” than, for example, Godwin and Condorcet who had maintained that the economic position of mankind will continue to improve over time.

Population Size Effects in the Structural Development of England

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oksana M. Leukhina ◽  
Stephen J. Turnovsky
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Size Effects ◽  
Relative Price ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Explicit Dependence ◽  
Employment Share

The English structural transformation from farming to manufacturing was accompanied by rapid technological change, expansion of trade, and massive population growth. While the roles of technology and trade in this process have been investigated, the literature has largely ignored the role of population growth. We examine population size effects on various aspects of structural development, characterizing their explicit dependence on preference-side and production-side characteristics of the economy, and trade. Our quantitative analysis of the English transformation assigns a major role to population growth, with especially notable contributions to post-1750 rise in the manufacturing employment share and the relative price dynamics. (JEL J11, N13, N33, N53, N63, O33)

scholarly journals Demographic theory and population ethics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Kolk
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Demographic Change ◽  
Thought Experiments ◽  
External Shocks ◽  
Population Ethics ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Size Population ◽  
Demographic Theory ◽  
Available Resources

Demographic theory is concerned with how population systems regulate themselves given available resources and external shocks to population size. This chapter provides an overview of demographic theory, focusing specifically on relationships between population size, population growth, and welfare. It then discusses four implications of demographic theory for population ethics. Speaking broadly, these four implications concern (1) the overreliance by some population ethicists on Malthusian assumptions about the average welfare of population declining with increasing population size, (2) the likelihood of certain hypothetical scenarios that feature in thought experiments used in population ethics, (3) the prioritization of extinction risks by population ethicists, and (4) the patterns of intergenerational and intertemporal inequality that population ethicists may anticipate over the long run. The chapter closes with a discussion of demographic theory in relation to historical and future demographic change.

scholarly journals Nationalized Banks and Long Term Lending Behaviour to Agriculture Sector in India

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11S2) ◽  
pp. 495-499
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Production And Consumption

Finance is needed by the agricultural sector for both production and consumption. Hence, finance in agriculture is as important as other inputs being used in agricultural sector . Here the attempt has been made to to examine the lending to the agriculture sector in long run with respect to nationalized banks. Secondary data has been used from various reports and descriptive statistics have been used.

Internal migration in Italy. Long-run analysis of push and pull factors across regions and macro-areas of the country.

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-454
Author(s):  
Piras Romano
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
Internal Migration ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Pull Factors ◽  
Push And Pull Factors ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Italian Regions ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
Push And Pull

The great majority of empirical studies on internal migration across Italian regions either ignores the long-run perspective of the phenomenon or do not consider push and pull factors separately. In addition, Centre-North to South flows, intra-South and intra-Centre-North migration have not been studied. We aim to fill this gap and tackle interregional migration flows from different geographical perspectives. We apply four panel data estimators with different statistical assumptions and show that long-run migration flows from the Mezzogiorno towards Centre-Northern regions are well explained by a gravity model in which per capita GDP, unemployment and population play a major role. On the contrary, migration flows from Centre-North to South has probably much to do with other social and demographic factors. Finally, intra Centre-North and intra South migration flows roughly obey to the gravity model, though not all explicative variables are relevant.

scholarly journals Effects of patents on the transition from stagnation to growth

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angus C. Chu ◽  
Zonglai Kou ◽  
Xilin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Growth Model ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
Theoretic Analysis ◽  
Schumpeterian Growth ◽  
Long Run

Abstract This study provides a growth-theoretic analysis of the effects of intellectual property rights on the take-off of an economy from an era of stagnation to a state of sustained economic growth. We incorporate patent protection into a Schumpeterian growth model in which take-off occurs when the population size crosses an endogenous threshold. We find that strengthening patent protection has contrasting effects on economic growth at different stages of development. Specifically, it leads to an earlier take-off but also reduces economic growth in the long run.

Off-Label Use of Medicines: A Comparative Study on the Regulation of Medicinal Products in Selected European Union Member States

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Wolney da Cunha SOARES JÚNIOR
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Off Label Use ◽  
Off Label ◽  
Pharmaceutical Firms ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Drug Regulations ◽  
European Union Member States ◽  
Label Use

Many governments have implemented a controlled off-label use of medicines as a tool combined with reimbursement decisions, among other policies, to avoid pharmaceutical firms gaming regulatory systems based on the requirement for marketing authorisation. This article aims to compare the drug regulations in selected European Union countries (France, Italy and Germany) in order to identify specific provisions and concrete solutions implemented by them regarding that matter. The employment of an economic analysis of the law as a theoretical framework allows for the identification of the incentives created in the long run by the referred regulations. The scholarly literature identifies a myriad of drawbacks and advantages associated with off-label practices, and a welfare analysis is ambiguous. Off-label practices are a reality; thus, it is advisable to elaborate policy measures in order to address these practices and condition them on some requirements, taking into account that off-label practices imply trade-offs among access to healthcare, protection of public health, competitiveness and innovation in the industry.

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