Population Size Effects in the Structural Development of England

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oksana M. Leukhina ◽  
Stephen J. Turnovsky
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Size Effects ◽  
Relative Price ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Explicit Dependence ◽  
Employment Share

The English structural transformation from farming to manufacturing was accompanied by rapid technological change, expansion of trade, and massive population growth. While the roles of technology and trade in this process have been investigated, the literature has largely ignored the role of population growth. We examine population size effects on various aspects of structural development, characterizing their explicit dependence on preference-side and production-side characteristics of the economy, and trade. Our quantitative analysis of the English transformation assigns a major role to population growth, with especially notable contributions to post-1750 rise in the manufacturing employment share and the relative price dynamics. (JEL J11, N13, N33, N53, N63, O33)

PUSH, PULL, AND POPULATION SIZE EFFECTS IN STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT: LONG-RUN TRADE-OFFS

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oksana M. Leukhina ◽  
Stephen J. Turnovsky
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Growth Effect ◽  
Specific Productivity ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Push And Pull

Abstract:The process of structural transformation from the farm to a nonfarm sector is accompanied by technological change in both sectors and massive population growth. We investigate the effects of increasing population size (the population effect) and sector-specific productivity (the push and pull effects), both factor-neutral and factor-biased, in a parsimonious general equilibrium model under general forms of utility and production functions. All three effects may co-exist and interact in important ways. Generalizing the agricultural sector production function to CES is crucial for the population growth effect. Our analysis highlights how the relative importance of the three effects changes as the country develops and production and consumption conditions become more flexible.

scholarly journals Pronatalism: An Antithetical Value to Nigeria’s Reforms

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chinyere C.P. Nnorom ◽  
Michael O.N. Kunnuji
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Present State ◽  
Rapid Population Growth ◽  
Beliefs And Practices

The Nigerian state is heterogeneous. Despite some very sharp differences, certain values are common to all parts of the country. This paper focuses on one of such values with a view to assessing its role in bringing the Nigerian society to its present state. The value of attention is the value of pronatalism, which is here defined as beliefs and practices which underlie preference for many children. It is unfortunate that the ongoing reforms in Nigeria disregard the role of the value of pronatalism in the decay they seek to undo. A question is raised: What role has the constancy of the value of pronatalism and the resultant surge in population size played in getting the nation into the present political predicament? The paper appraises the stance of government on population matters over the years and notes that the co-incidence of the ills of rapid population growth and non-responsive governance has, more than any other factor, contributed to the present state of socio-political deformation. Based on this diagnosis, therefore, it is advocated that a negation of the value of pronatalism be factored into the reforms, if they must work.

Population Size and Early Development

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Y. Cyrus Chu
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Increasing Returns ◽  
Growth Theory ◽  
Per Capita

The Malthusian theory hypothesizes that the natural environment imposes various capacity constraints on human population growth and that population size has been and will be checked by these constraints. In such a classical theory, which was presumably motivated by observations of the ancient world, population might be the most important dynamic variable, although its role is rather passive: population is a variable that would be affected by, but would not affect, the environment. Boserup (1981), however, sees the role of population in the development of human economy as more consequential. She gave many persuasive examples that showed that, at least for the period up to the mid-twentieth century, population size might be a variable which actively spurred technological progress. This is also the viewpoint held by Lee (1986) and Pryor and Maurer (1982). After the Industrial Revolution, the role of population in economic dynamics, along with the reduction of mortality fluctuations and the increasing control of female fertility, evidently became secondary. The key variable that dominates the analysis of economic dynamics in the neoclassical growth theory along the lines of Solow (1956) is capital (or per capita capital). In Solow’s growth model, the role of population is minimal in the steady state: neither the level nor the growth rate of the steady-state per capita consumption has anything to do with the size of a population; only the steady-state per capita income level will be affected by the population growth rate. The growth pattern in the latter half of the twentieth century is markedly different. A key feature of our recent growth experience is the rapid innovation of new technologies. Modern growth theory has embraced the concept of increasing returns to explain such a unique growth pattern. However, various versions of the theory of increasing returns turn out to be necessarily linked to population. The hypothesis of learning by doing implies that growth in productivity is an increasing function of aggregate production, which is itself positively related to the size of population.

scholarly journals Population and Sustainability: Reviewing the Relationship Between Population Growth and Environmental Change

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Samways
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Human Welfare ◽  
Intractable Problem ◽  
The Relationship

At a high level of abstraction, causally connecting population growth and environmental degradation is intuitively appealing. However, while it is clear that population size is a critical factor in the size and power of social systems, and hence in environmental impact, the relationship between human numbers and environmental change is complex. In particular, the long timescales involved in population growth and decline, along with the shifting role of economic development in both population growth itself and environmental impact, obfuscate the role of population size as a multiplier of impact. Moreover, the protracted nature of demographic change makes population size seem like an intractable problem, the outcome of natural processes which are not only beyond choice, but, critically, morally perilous. In this review of the role of population size in environmental impact, I argue that choices, norms, and values, as well as material factors, are interwoven and inseparable in the environmental impact of our species. Furthermore, the consideration of human welfare and wellbeing is central to arguments regarding an environmentally sustainable population.

scholarly journals Optimal Taxation and Investment‑ Specific Technological Change

2020 ◽  
pp. 167-183
Author(s):  
Valter Nóbrega
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
Optimal Taxation ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Relative Price ◽  
Labor Income ◽  
Overlapping Generations Model ◽  
Us Economy ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Relationship

In this paper, we look at the relationship between Investment Specific Technological Change (ISTC) and optimal level of labor income progressivity. We develop an incomplete markets overlapping generations model that matches relevant features of the US economy and find that the observed drop in the relative price of investment since the 1980’s leads optimal progressivity to increase. This result hinges on ISTC increasing the wage premium through an increase in the variance of the permanent component of labor income. This result is supported by recent findings in the literature that highlight the increasing role of the permanent component of labor income in the observed increase in income inequality.

The Role of Technological Change in the Long-run Global Economy Forecasting

2013 ◽  
pp. 97-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Apokin
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
Data Quality ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Qualitative Approaches ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The World ◽  
National Economies

The author compares several quantitative and qualitative approaches to forecasting to find appropriate methods to incorporate technological change in long-range forecasts of the world economy. A?number of long-run forecasts (with horizons over 10 years) for the world economy and national economies is reviewed to outline advantages and drawbacks for different ways to account for technological change. Various approaches based on their sensitivity to data quality and robustness to model misspecifications are compared and recommendations are offered on the choice of appropriate technique in long-run forecasts of the world economy in the presence of technological change.

Peranan Whistleblowing Dalam Meningkatkan Integriti Anggota Polis Diraja Malaysia (Pdrm): Kajian Ke Atas Kontinjen Perak

Sains Insani ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
Megat Ayop Megat Arifin ◽  
Abd. Halim Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Positive Perception ◽  
External Threats ◽  
Positive Practices ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Whitsleblowing is one of the positive practices in organizations that are able to raise the level of integrity among the members of an organization. However, the roles of whistleblowing also inevitably invites a response, especially among members of the organization itself. This is because such practices are viewed as one factor that may be detrimental to the organization in addition to revealing the reporter (whistleblower) to some external threats and intimidation of discrimination within the organization. This paper is an attempt to examine the relationship between perceptions of members of the Royal Malaysian Police (RMP) Contingent of Perak through the role of whistleblowing practices to increase the perception of the integrity of the members. Next, identify the purpose of the whistleblowing and its effect on the integrity of the members of the organization. This study used a descriptive quantitative analysis to identify patterns of relationship that exists between the perception of whistleblowing practices with perceptions of increased integrity based on three basic variables of demographic factors, response to whistleblowing and the impact of making the report. The results showed that members of the Perak’s police have a positive perception of whistleblowing practices which are seen to be done in improving the integrity of the members.Keywords: whistleblowing, perception, RMP members, culture, integrity, organization, influence. ABSTRAK: Whitsleblowing merupakan salah satu amalan positif dalam organisasi yang mampu untuk meningkatkan tahap integriti ahli-ahli dalam sesebuah organisasi. Namun begitu, amalan whistleblowing juga turut tidak dapat mengelak daripada mengundang pelbagai respon khususnya dalam kalangan ahli organisasi itu sendiri. Amalan sebegini turut dilihat sebagai salah satu faktor yang boleh memudaratkan organisasi di samping mendedahkan pelapor (whistleblower) kepada beberapa bentuk ancaman ugutan dari luar dan diskriminasi dalam organisasi. Kertas ini merupakan satu upaya untuk melihat perkaitan antara persepsi anggota Polis Diraja Malaysia (PDRM) Kontinjen Perak melalui peranan amalan whistleblowing terhadap persepsi peningkatan integriti anggota. Seterusnya, mengenalpasti maksud whistleblowing dan pengaruhnya terhadap tahap integriti anggota dalam organisasi. Kajian ini menggunakan analisis kuantitatif berbentuk deskriptif bagi mengenalpasti corak hubungan yang wujud antara persepsi terhadap amalan whistleblowing dengan persepsi terhadap peningkatan integriti berdasarkan tiga pembolehubah asas iaitu faktor demografi, tanggapan terhadap whistleblowing dan kesan daripada tindakan membuat laporan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa anggota PDRM Perak mempunyai persepsi yang positif terhadap whistleblowing yang mana ianya dilihat perlu dilaksanakan dalam meningkatkan integriti anggota.Kata kunci: whistleblowing, persepsi, amalan, anggota PDRM, budaya, integriti, organisasi, pengaruh.  

PERAN MASYARAKAT TERHADAP PEMBAYARAN RETRIBUSI SAMPAH DI KOTA SAMARINDA

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Abd Rachim AF,
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Frequency Analysis ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
The Public ◽  
And Behavior

One of the environmental problems in urban areas is the pollution caused by garbage. The waste problem is caused by various factors such as population growth, living standards changes, lifestyles and behavior, as well as how the waste management system. This study aims to determine how the role of society to levy payments garbage in Samarinda. This research was descriptive; where the data is collected then compiled, described and analyzed used relative frequency analysis. The participation of the public to pay a "levy junk", which stated to pay 96.67%, for each month and the rates stated society cheap, moderate and fairly, respectively 46.08%, 21.21%, 21.04%. Base on the data , the role of the community to pay "levy junk" quite high.

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