Educational inequalities in longevity in 18 OECD countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Fabrice Murtin ◽  
Johan P. Mackenbach ◽  
Domantas Jasilionis ◽  
Marco Mira d'Ercole
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
The United States ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Similar Treatment ◽  
Gender And Education ◽  
First Cause ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Low Educated ◽  
Gender Groups

Abstract This paper assesses inequality in longevity across education and gender groups in 23 OECD countries around 2011. Data on mortality rates by age, gender, educational attainment, and, for 17 countries, cause of death were collected from national sources, with similar treatment applied to all countries in order to derive comparable measures of longevity at age 25 and 65 by gender and education. These estimates show that, on average, the gap in life expectancy between high and low-educated people is 7.6 years for men and 4.8 years for women at age 25 years, and 3.6 years for men and 2.6 years for women at age 65. At the age of 25, the gap in life expectancy between high and low-educated people varies between 4.1 years (in Canada) and 13.9 years (in Hungary) for men, and between 2.5 years (in Italy) and 8.3 years (in Latvia) for women; in the United States, the gap is 10.0 years for men and 7.0 years for women. Cardiovascular diseases are the first cause of death for all gender and education groups after age 65 years, and the first cause of mortality inequality between the high and low-education elderly.

scholarly journals Social Determinants of the Recent Decline in US Life Expectancy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Harper ◽  
Corinne Riddell ◽  
Nicholas King
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Opioid Overdose ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Groups ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Overdose Deaths

In recent years life expectancy has stagnated in the United States, followed by three consecutive years of decline. The decline is small in absolute terms, but is unprecedented and has generated considerable research interest and theorizing about potential causes. Recent trends show the decline has affected nearly all race-ethnic and gender groups, and the proximate causes of the decline are increases in opioid overdose deaths, suicide, homicide, and Alzheimer’s disease. A slowdown in the long-term decline in mortality from cardiovascular diseases has also prevented life expectancy from further improvements. Although a popular explanation for the decline is the cumulative decline in living standards across generations, recent trends suggest that distinct mechanisms for specific causes of death are more plausible explanations. Interventions to stem the increase in overdose deaths, reduce access to mechanisms that contribute to violent deaths, and decrease cardiovascular risk over the life course are urgently needed to improve mortality in the United States.

scholarly journals Declining Life Expectancy in the United States: Missing the Trees for the Forest

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Harper ◽  
Corinne A. Riddell ◽  
Nicholas B. King
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Opioid Overdose ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Groups ◽  
Overdose Deaths

In recent years, life expectancy in the United States has stagnated, followed by three consecutive years of decline. The decline is small in absolute terms but is unprecedented and has generated considerable research interest and theorizing about potential causes. Recent trends show that the decline has affected nearly all race/ethnic and gender groups, and the proximate causes of the decline are increases in opioid overdose deaths, suicide, homicide, and Alzheimer's disease. A slowdown in the long-term decline in mortality from cardiovascular diseases has also prevented life expectancy from improving further. Although a popular explanation for the decline is the cumulative decline in living standards across generations, recent trends suggest that distinct mechanisms for specific causes of death are more plausible explanations. Interventions to stem the increase in overdose deaths, reduce access to mechanisms that contribute to violent deaths, and decrease cardiovascular risk over the life course are urgently needed to improve mortality in the United States. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Public Health, Volume 42 is April 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Gender, Ethnicity, and Self-Employment: A Multilevel Analysis across US Metropolitan Areas

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1979-1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingfang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Macroeconomic Conditions ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Groups

Rates of self-employment differ among ethnic groups, between men and women, and by place. Using the 2000 5% Public Use Microdata Samples and hierarchical regression modeling, I examine in this study how metropolitan labor-market characteristics influence the probability of self-employment among non-Hispanic whites, blacks, Hispanics, and Asians in the United States, separately for men and women. The results show that, after controlling for individual-level characteristics, metropolitan labor-market characteristics—including macroeconomic conditions, overall business structure, ethnic composition, and residential segregation—significantly influence self-employment patterns across ethnic and gender groups.

scholarly journals Child’s Developmental Disabilities and Parental Health in Later Life: Do Parental Race and Gender Matter?

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 312-313
Author(s):  
Juha Lee ◽  
Manjing Gao ◽  
Chioun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Developmental Disabilities ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Early Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Parental Health ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Groups ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Parents, particularly mothers, who experienced early life adversities (ELAs) are more likely to have a child with developmental disabilities (DD). We have little knowledge about how parental health varies across race-gender groups among those with a DD child and the role of ELAs in the associations. Using Black and White adults (n = 8,778; 25% Blacks) from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study, we examine racial disparities in the impact of having a child with DD (vs. having healthy children) on parental health outcomes. This study questions (1) the extent to which parents’ ELAs (e.g., poverty and abuse) are associated with having a child with DD and (2) how considering early-life factors reveals racial and gender disparities in the impact of having a child with DD. We found that as the number of ELAs increases, the probability of having a healthy child decreases for all race-gender groups, but most dramatically for Black women. Having a DD has adverse effects on chronic illnesses and functional limitations more for mothers than fathers. Black women are most adversely affected, with no effect on Black men. There is no gender difference in the impact of having a DD child on depressive symptoms, yet White parents are more vulnerable than Black parents. After controlling for ELAs, the adverse effects of having a DD child on both physical and mental health remain significant. Future research should identify life-course circumstances that reveal why the impact of having a DD child varies by race and gender.

scholarly journals THE STATE OF THE NATION: A 50-STATE COVID-19 SURVEY REPORT #5: APPROVAL OF EXECUTIVE PERFORMANCE DURING COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Lazer ◽  
Katherine Ognyanova ◽  
Alexi Quintana ◽  
Matthew Baum ◽  
John D. Volpe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
The United States ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
Gender And Education ◽  
Survey Report ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Gender

The initial response to a crisis typically depends on the executive branch of government, because they may act more rapidly than legislative and judicial branches. For COVID-19 in particular, the focal decision-makers have been the president and the governors of the 50 states. In the eyes of the public, how have the president and governors responded?We surveyed 22,501 individuals across all 50 states plus the District of Columbia. The survey was conducted on 12-28 June 2020 by PureSpectrum via an online, nonprobability sample, with state-level representative quotas for race/ethnicity, age, and gender (for methodological details on the other waves, see covidstates.org). In addition to balancing on these dimensions, we reweighted our data using demographic characteristics to match the U.S. population with respect to race/ethnicity, age, gender, and education. This was the fifth in a series of surveys we have been conducting since April 2020, examining attitudes and behaviors regarding COVID-19 in the United States.

Aging Populations, Mortality, and Life Expectancy

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eileen M. Crimmins ◽  
Yuan S. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
White Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Health Programs ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Aging Populations ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Deaths Of Despair

Life expectancy has long been seen as an indicator of the quality of life as well as the health of a population. Recent trends in US life expectancy show growing inequality in life expectancy for some socioeconomic and geographic groupings but diminishing inequality by race and gender. For example, while African Americans had gains in life expectancy, non-Hispanic white women with low levels of education experienced drops. Overall, the United States continues to fall behind other countries in terms of life expectancy. One reason is our growing mortality in midlife from so-called deaths of despair. Public health programs cannot eliminate these adverse trends if they are not also accompanied by social policies supporting economic opportunity for US families.

Does the Digital Divide Extend to Minority- and Women- Owned Small Businesses?

2013 ◽  
pp. 1489-1509
Author(s):  
Robert Lerman ◽  
Caroline Ratcliffe ◽  
Harold Salzman ◽  
Douglas Wissoker ◽  
Jennifer Meagher
Keyword(s):  
Digital Divide ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Computer Use ◽  
White Male ◽  
The United States ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Groups ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Owner Characteristics

This chapter examines whether the digital divide in the United States extends to computer use in small businesses. The analysis is based on a 2003 telephone survey of 1,123 firms with fewer than 50 employees and at least one computer, and in-depth interviews with 45 business owners. The analysis provides no evidence of a business digital divide across racial, ethnic, and gender groups. In fact, firms owned by African-American males show more intensive computer use than white male-owned firms, even after controlling for firm and owner characteristics. We do, however, find links between the intensity of computer use and firm and owner characteristics, such as firm size, market reach, intensity of computer use in the relevant industry, and age of owner. Finally, the in-depth interviews suggest that businesses with effective computer use depend upon the technical expertise of the business owners or people in their social networks.

Does the Digital Divide Extend to Minority- and Women-Owned Small Businesses?

2010 ◽  
pp. 239-259
Author(s):  
Robert Lerman ◽  
Caroline Ratcliffe ◽  
Harold Salzman ◽  
Douglas Wissoker ◽  
Jennifer Meagher
Keyword(s):  
Digital Divide ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Computer Use ◽  
White Male ◽  
The United States ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Groups ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Owner Characteristics

This chapter examines whether the digital divide in the United States extends to computer use in small businesses. The analysis is based on a 2003 telephone survey of 1,123 firms with fewer than 50 employees and at least one computer, and in-depth interviews with 45 business owners. The analysis provides no evidence of a business digital divide across racial, ethnic, and gender groups. In fact, firms owned by African-American males show more intensive computer use than white male-owned firms, even after controlling for firm and owner characteristics. We do, however, find links between the intensity of computer use and firm and owner characteristics, such as firm size, market reach, intensity of computer use in the relevant industry, and age of owner. Finally, the in-depth interviews suggest that businesses with effective computer use depend upon the technical expertise of the business owners or people in their social networks.

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