scholarly journals The emergence of ‘Transeurasian’ language families in Northeast Asia as viewed from archaeological evidence

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-42
Author(s):  
Kazuo Miyamoto
Keyword(s):  
Korean Peninsula ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
The Other ◽  
Population Movement ◽  
Pottery Production ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Japanese Archipelago ◽  
Southern Korea ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
The Japanese Archipelago

Abstract From a linguistic standpoint, Proto-Japonic and Proto-Koreanic are assumed to have split off the Transeurasian languages in southern Manchuria. The linguistic idea that Proto-Japonic came earlier than Proto-Koreanic in the chronological scheme means that the Proto-Japonic language first entered the Korean Peninsula, and from there spread to the Japanese archipelago at the beginning of the Yayoi period, around the 9th century BC, while the arrival of Proto-Koreanic in southern Korea is associated with the spread of the rolled rim vessel culture around the 5th century BC. The genealogical sequence of the Pianpu, Mumun and Yayoi cultures, which shared the same pottery production techniques, indicates the spread of Proto-Japonic. On the other hand, migrants moved from Liaodong to the Korean Peninsula and established the rolled rim vessel culture. This population movement was likely due to social and political reasons as the Yan state enlarged its territory eastward. The Proto-Koreanic of the rolled rim vessel culture later spread to the Korean Peninsula and gradually drove out Proto-Japonic, becoming the predecessor of the Koreanic. In this paper, I examine the spread of Proto-Japonic and Proto-Koreanic in Northeast Asia based on archaeological evidence, focusing especially on the genealogy of pottery styles and pottery production techniques.

scholarly journals Integrative taxonomy reveals multiple lineages of the spider genus Cybaeus endemic to the Ryukyu Islands, Japan (Arachnida : Araneae : Cybaeidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoh Ihara ◽  
Naoki Koike ◽  
Takafumi Nakano
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ryukyu Islands ◽  
Yakushima Island ◽  
Gene Markers ◽  
Japanese Archipelago ◽  
The Ryukyu Islands ◽  
The Japanese Archipelago

The epigean spiders of the genus Cybaeus L. Koch, 1868 are known to have diversified in western North America and the Japanese Archipelago. To date, ~80 species of Cybaeus are known from Japan, but they have not previously been recorded from the Ryukyu Islands that harbour a diversity of endemic species. Here we describe eight new species of Cybaeus from the Ryukyu Islands, extending the range of Cybaeus southward to the central Ryukyus. Both sexes of each of the new species are described, and their phylogenetic relationships are estimated using nuclear and mitochondrial gene markers. Although Cybaeus okumurai, sp. nov. and C. kumadori, sp. nov. possess genital features that are common in the other Japanese congeners, the other six species (C. yakushimensis, sp. nov., C. kodama, sp. nov., C. amamiensis, sp. nov., C. aikana, sp. nov., C. tokunoshimensis, sp. nov., and C. hikidai, sp. nov.) are characterised by an elongated embolus and tubular spermathecae. These unique genital characteristics and the phylogeny recovered here suggest that these features evolved independently among the Japanese and Ryukyu Cybaeus species. Phylogenetic analyses highlight an unusual biogeographical pattern in which C. yakushimensis and C. kodama endemic to Yakushima Island in the northern Ryukyus are related to species distributed in the central Ryukyus. In contrast, our phylogeny suggests that C. okumurai from Tanegashima Island in the northern Ryukyus is sister to C. ashikitaensis (Komatsu, 1968), distributed in Kyushu of the Japanese Archipelago. The retreat constructs and sympatric distribution of Cybaeus found among the Ryukyus are also briefly discussed. ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:640D15AA-17F4-48EE-88B4-485CFF8FCD60

scholarly journals Waves Out of the Korean Peninsula and Inter- and Intra-Species Replacements in Freshwater Fishes in Japan

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
Shoji Taniguchi ◽  
Johanna Bertl ◽  
Andreas Futschik ◽  
Hirohisa Kishino ◽  
Toshio Okazaki
Keyword(s):  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Korean Peninsula ◽  
Freshwater Fishes ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Phylogeographic Structure ◽  
Land Bridge ◽  
Small Component ◽  
Japanese Archipelago ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Japanese Archipelago

The Japanese archipelago is located at the periphery of the continent of Asia. Rivers in the Japanese archipelago, separated from the continent of Asia by about 17 Ma, have experienced an intermittent exchange of freshwater fish taxa through a narrow land bridge generated by lowered sea level. As the Korean Peninsula and Japanese archipelago were not covered by an ice sheet during glacial periods, phylogeographical analyses in this region can trace the history of biota that were, for a long time, beyond the last glacial maximum. In this study, we analyzed the phylogeography of four freshwater fish taxa, Hemibarbus longirostris, dark chub Nipponocypris temminckii, Tanakia ssp. and Carassius ssp., whose distributions include both the Korean Peninsula and Western Japan. We found for each taxon that a small component of diverse Korean clades of freshwater fishes migrated in waves into the Japanese archipelago to form the current phylogeographic structure of biota. The replacements of indigenous populations by succeeding migrants may have also influenced the phylogeography.

Transeurasian unity from an archaeological perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. 794-805
Author(s):  
Tao Li
Keyword(s):  
Northeast China ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Human History ◽  
Cultural Contact ◽  
Japanese Archipelago ◽  
Archeological Evidence ◽  
The Japanese Archipelago

Northeast Asia attracts researchers’ attention for its environmental, cultural, linguistic, and genetic diversity. Population migration and cultural contact both go back early in human history there. The Transeurasian (TEA) model hypothesizes about the relatedness among the Mongolic, Tungusic, Turkic, Koreanic, and Japonic languages; also, it sees farming as the driving force for the dispersal of the Proto-Transeurasian across Northeast Asia. This chapter reviews the finds of millets or rice from key archeological sites, as well as the perspectives on the beginning of millet or rice farming, in Northeast China, the Russian Far East, the Korean Peninsula, and the Japanese Archipelago. Then, focusing on evidence related to agriculture, some assumptions underlying the TEA model are examined. The conclusion is that the TEA model has both merits and weaknesses and that archeological evidence in different regions and periods supports the Transeurasian unity to varying degrees.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s Invasion of the Chosŏn Kingdom, 1592–1598

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nam-lin Hur
Keyword(s):  
Korean Peninsula ◽  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
Entire Region ◽  
Choson Dynasty ◽  
Negotiated Settlement ◽  
Warring States ◽  
Japanese Archipelago ◽  
The World ◽  
The Japanese Archipelago ◽  
Three Phases

In the fourth month of 1592, and at the direction of Toyotomi Hideyoshi—the feudal baron, or daimyo, who unified the Warring States (Sengoku) across the Japanese Archipelago—a massive force invaded the Korean Peninsula, which, at the time, was controlled by the Chosŏn dynasty. The war lasted until late 1598. Initially, the defending Chosŏn armies were helpless, but they managed to frustrate Hideyoshi’s goals before leaders of the Ming dynasty dispatched a large rescue force in the twelfth month of 1592. The Ming, whose empire spanned much of the central and eastern territories of present-day China, were concerned about the security of their borders, but they were also pressured by the Chosŏn to help. There were two intense battles in 1593 (albeit the second did not involve the Ming); however, despite the Chosŏn’s strong opposition, the Ming court and the Hideyoshi regime pursued a negotiated settlement to end the war. These negotiations ended in failure: Hideyoshi ordered his daimyo generals to resume an attack against the Chosŏn in 1597, the Ming court sent reinforcements, and more battles ensued. In the end, none of the belligerents got what they wanted. The war came to an end when Hideyoshi died in the eighth month of 1598. All battles took place in the Chosŏn-controlled Korean Peninsula, and the casualties far exceeded those that occurred anywhere else in the world during the 16th and 17th centuries. Hideyoshi’s invasion of the Chosŏn kingdom went through three phases: (1) invasion, defense, and retreat (4/1592–4/1593); (2) attempted truce negotiations (5/1593–8/1596); and (3) massive resumption of battle and the path to the withdrawal of Hideyoshi’s invading troops (9/1596–11/1598). The aftermath of the war involved the collapse of the Hideyoshi regime and socially transformed the entire region.

Japanese-Korean wars in A.D. 391–407 and their chronology

1946 ◽  
Vol 78 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 54-66
Author(s):  
B. Szcześniak
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Japanese Archipelago ◽  
The Third ◽  
Southern Korea ◽  
The Japanese Archipelago ◽  
Sphere Of Influence

Japan's gradual interest in Korea and the expansion on this peninsula goes back to the third century A.D. The establishment of the Japanese sphere of influence in Korea, and the domination of Mimana in Southern Korea, were dictated by economic, cultural, and military reasons of Ancient Japan, or the Yamato country. This in the middle of the fourth century A.D. became the strongest and most powerful of many clan (uji) rivals in the central Sovereign, Tennō in the Japanese archipelago.

scholarly journals Waves out of the Korean Peninsula and inter- and intra-species replacements in freshwater fishes in Japan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoji Taniguchi ◽  
Johanna Bertl ◽  
Andreas Futschik ◽  
Hirohisa Kishino ◽  
Toshio Okazaki
Keyword(s):  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Korean Peninsula ◽  
Freshwater Fishes ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Phylogeographic Structure ◽  
Land Bridge ◽  
Small Component ◽  
Japanese Archipelago ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Japanese Archipelago

AbstractThe Japanese archipelago is located at the periphery of the continent of Asia. Rivers in the Japanese archipelago, separated from the continent of Asia about 17 Ma, have experienced an intermittent exchange of freshwater fish taxa through a narrow land bridge generated by lowered sea level. As the Korean Peninsula and Japanese archipelago were not covered by an ice sheet during glacial periods, phylogeographical analyses in this region can trace the history of biota for a long time beyond the last glacial maximum. In this study, we analyzed the phylogeography of four freshwater fish taxa, Hemibarbus longirostris, dark chub Nipponocypris temminckii, Tanakia ssp. and Carassius ssp., whose distributions include both the Korean Peninsula and western Japan. We found for each taxon that a small component of diverse Korean clades of freshwater fishes migrated in waves into the Japanese archipelago to form the current phylogeographic structure of biota. Indigenous populations were replaced by succeeding migrants. We refer to this phenomenon as “waves out of the Korean Peninsula,” with parallels to “out of Africa” in humans.

Greece in the Eleventh Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 133-156
Author(s):  
Pamela Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Pottery Production ◽  
Northern Greece ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Population Movements ◽  
Of Greece

The evidence of archaeological surveys and excavations, official documents, architecture, and art history are considered across the regions and cities of the Peloponnese and central to northern Greece in social and economic contexts. The nature of the production and export of wine, oil, and silk throughout Greece as cash-generating products of the countryside is also examined. Particular attention is paid to ceramics both as markers for interpreting the archaeological evidence and as possible indicators of otherwise undocumented population movements. The conclusions are that the cities of the Peloponnese—Corinth, Sparta, and Argos—acquired a new prosperity during the eleventh century but not to the extent of Athens and Thebes. Thebes in particular became a desirable place to live and outstripped all the other cities of Greece in its affluence by the twelfth century. The successful development of Thebes is associated with a recently identified major pottery production site at its port of Chalkis/Euripos. Finally it is suggested that the population increase throughout Greece in the eleventh century which made intensification of land use possible came about through mass movements of people from Asia Minor.

The Diffusion and Significance of People of the Korean Peninsula to the Japanese archipelago during the Paleolithic Age

2018 ◽  
pp. 5-43
Author(s):  
Yongjoon Chang
Keyword(s):  
Korean Peninsula ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Human Migration ◽  
Korea Strait ◽  
Late Paleolithic ◽  
Japanese Archipelago ◽  
The People ◽  
The Japanese Archipelago ◽  
First Time

The Japanese archipelago began to be occupied by people for the first time after the people migrated from the Korean Peninsula in the Paleolithic Age. Peopling of Japan is presumed to be around the middle Paleolithic or late Paleolithic. There was the Korea strait between the two areas, the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese archipelgo, and it used to be limited for coming and going for the people. However, the sea level changes throughout the Upper Pleistocene caused different patterns in human migration and interaction. In both areas, similar types of stone tools including tanged point, bilateral point, stemmed point, and composite point have been excavated in the late Paleolithic period. It is assumed that these types of stone tools might have been transmitted to Japan from the Korean peninsula. Paleolithic people of the Japanese archipelago were influenced by the stone technique of the Korean peninsula, but made their tools with the local raw materials. Paleolithic people utilized blades and microblades which were common in Northeast Asia. The various shapes of projectile points of the Japanese archipelago found in the Late Paleolithic layers could be influenced by the Korean Peninsula. Therefore, it can be assumed that the hunting method to throw a spear were transferred from the Korean peninsula to the Japanese archipelago based of the technological evidence. The manufacturing techniques of the points verify that they were from the Korean peninsula eventhough the tools were made of the local raw materials. Based on the technological tradition, I conclude that the people who lived on the Korean Peninsula crossed the Korea Strait for the first time during the end of the Middle to the Late Paleolithic.

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