Evaluation of the negative predictive value of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal swab screening in patients with acute myeloid leukemia

Author(s):  
Sarah K. Perreault ◽  
Bailee Binks ◽  
Dayna S. McManus ◽  
Jeffrey E. Topal

Abstract Objective: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal swabs are utilized to guide the discontinuation of empiric MRSA therapy. In multiple studies, MRSA nasal swabs have been shown to have a negative predictive value (NPV) of ~99% in non-oncology patients with pneumonia and other infections. We evaluated the performance characteristics of a negative MRSA nasal swab in the acute myeloid leukemia (AML) populaion to determine its NPV. Design: Retrospective chart review. Patients: This study included adult AML patients with a suspected infection and a MRSA nasal swab collected between 2013 and 2018. Methods: MRSA nasal swab and culture-documented infections were identified to determine the sensitivity, specificity, NPV, and positive predictive value of the MRSA nasal swabs. Results: In total, 194 patients were identified, and 484 discrete encounters were analyzed. Overall, 468 (97%) encounters had a negative MRSA nasal swab upon admission with no cultured documented MRSA infection during their hospitalization. However, 3 encounters (0.6%) had a negative MRSA nasal swab with a subsequent cultured documented MRSA infection during their admission. Identified infections were bacteremia (n = 2) and confirmed pneumonia (n = 1). MRSA nasal swab had a sensitivity of 62% (95% CI, 0.24–0.91), specificity of 98% (95% CI, 0.96–0.99), positive predictive value of 38% (95% CI, 0.21–0.6), and NPV of 99% (95% CI, 0.98–1). Conclusions: A negative MRSA nasal swab has a 99% NPV for subsequent MRSA infections in AML patients with no prior history of MRSA colonization or infection. Based on these findings, a negative MRSA nasal swab can help guide de-escalation of empiric MRSA antibiotic therapy.

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S942-S943
Author(s):  
Bailee Binks ◽  
Dayna McManus ◽  
Sarah Perreault ◽  
Jeffrey E Topal

Abstract Background Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal swabs are utilized to guide discontinuation of empiric MRSA therapy. In multiple studies, MRSA nasal swabs has been shown to have a negative predictive value (NPV) of ~99% in non-oncology patients with pneumonia and other infections. At Yale New Haven Hospital (YNHH), a negative MRSA nasal swab is utilized in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients to de-escalate empiric MRSA antibiotic therapy. The primary endpoint was to assess the percentage of patients with a negative MRSA nasal swab who developed a culture documented (CD) MRSA infection during their admission. Secondary endpoints included the number of MRSA nasal swabs that were initially negative but converted to positive, and the types of MRSA infections. Methods This was a retrospective chart review of AML patients with a suspected infection and a MRSA nasal swab collected at YNHH between 2013 and 2018. Patients were excluded if < 18 years old, prior confirmed MRSA infection or positive MRSA nasal swab within the past year. Results 194 patients were identified with 484 discrete encounters analyzed. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation occurred in 83 (43%) patients. A total of 468 (97%) encounters had a negative MRSA nasal swab upon admission with no CD MRSA infection during their hospitalization. Three encounters (0.6%) had a negative MRSA nasal swab with a subsequent CD MRSA infection during their admission. Identified infections were bacteremia (2) and pneumonia (1). Median duration from the negative MRSA nasal swab to CD infection was 16 days. Thirteen encounters (3%) had a positive MRSA nasal swab, 5 of which had a CD MRSA infection. Infections included bacteremia (3), pneumonia (2), and sputum with negative chest X-ray (1). MRSA nasal swab had a sensitivity of 57% (CI 0.56–0.58), specificity of 98% (CI 0.98–0.98) positive predictive value of 31% (CI 0.3–0.32), and NPV of 99% (CI 0.99–0.99). Conclusion The results of this retrospective study demonstrate that a negative MRSA nasal swab has a 99% NPV for subsequent MRSA infections in AML patients with no prior history of MRSA colonization or infection. Based on these findings, a negative MRSA nasal swab can help guide de-escalation of empiric MRSA antibiotic therapy in this immunosuppressed population. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.


2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 859-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Dangerfield ◽  
Andrew Chung ◽  
Brandon Webb ◽  
Maria Teresa Seville

ABSTRACTPneumonia due to methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) is associated with poor outcomes and frequently merits empirical antibiotic consideration despite its relatively low incidence. Nasal colonization with MRSA is associated with clinical MRSA infection and can be reliably detected using the nasal swab PCR assay. In this study, we evaluated the performance of the nasal swab MRSA PCR in predicting MRSA pneumonia. A retrospective cohort study was performed in a tertiary care center from January 2009 to July 2011. All patients with confirmed pneumonia who had both a nasal swab MRSA PCR test and a bacterial culture within predefined time intervals were included in the study. These data were used to calculate sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for clinically confirmed MRSA pneumonia. Four hundred thirty-five patients met inclusion criteria. The majority of cases were classified as either health care-associated (HCAP) (54.7%) or community-acquired (CAP) (34%) pneumonia. MRSA nasal PCR was positive in 62 (14.3%) cases. MRSA pneumonia was confirmed by culture in 25 (5.7%) cases. The MRSA PCR assay demonstrated 88.0% sensitivity and 90.1% specificity, with a positive predictive value of 35.4% and a negative predictive value of 99.2%. In patients with pneumonia, the MRSA PCR nasal swab has a poor positive predictive value but an excellent negative predictive value for MRSA pneumonia in populations with low MRSA pneumonia incidence. In cases of culture-negative pneumonia where initial empirical antibiotics include an MRSA-active agent, a negative MRSA PCR swab can be reasonably used to guide antibiotic de-escalation.


Author(s):  
Josée Rioux ◽  
Jenny Edwards ◽  
Lauren Bresee ◽  
Adrian Abu-Ulba ◽  
Stephen Yu ◽  
...  

<p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p><strong>Background:</strong> Nasal-swab screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylo coccus aureus (MRSA) has a quicker turnaround time than other bacterial culture methods, with results available within 24 h. Although MRSA nasal-swab screening is not intended to guide antimicrobial therapy, this method may give clinicians additional information for earlier tailoring of empiric antimicrobial agents.</p><p><strong>Objective:</strong> To describe the diagnostic characteristics of nasal-swab screening in predicting MRSA infections in hospitalized patients receiving empiric treatment with IV vancomycin.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> A retrospective observational chart review was conducted for newly admitted adult patients of the Peter Lougheed Centre in Calgary, Alberta, who were treated empirically with IV vancomycin from January to October 2015 and who underwent nasal-swab screening for MRSA. The diagnostic characteristics of nasal-swab screening were calculated in relation to corresponding culture results for samples collected on admission.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> For the 273 patients included in this study, nasal-swab screening for MRSA showed the following diagnostic characteristics in relation to bacterial culture results: sensitivity 58.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 28.6%–83.5%), specificity 93.9% (95% CI 90.0%–96.3%), positive predictive value 30.4% (95% CI 14.1%–53.0%), negative predictive value 98.0% (95% CI 95.1%–99.3%), positive likelihood ratio 9.5 (95% CI 4.9–18.7), and negative likelihood ratio 0.4 (95% CI 0.2–0.9).</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Given the high specificity of this rapid method, clinicians should ensure that patients who are receiving empiric treatment for MRSA infection and who have a positive result on nasal-swab screening continue to receive MRSA coverage until culture results are available. In addition, the high negative predictive value and positive likelihood ratio for nasal-swab screening in a low-prevalence setting suggest that a negative result significantly reduces the probability of MRSA infection. Although nasal-swab screening for MRSA is currently used for determining isolation precautions, this method also had utility in helping clinicians to predict the probability of MRSA infection and in guiding decisions about antimicrobial therapy.</p><p><strong>RÉSUMÉ</strong></p><p><strong>Contexte :</strong> Le dépistage du Staphylococcus aureus résistant à la méthicilline (SARM) par écouvillonnage nasal procure des résultats d’examen plus promptement que les autres techniques de culture bactérienne, les résultats étant disponibles dans les 24 heures. Bien que les résultats du dépistage du SARM par écouvillonnage nasal ne soient pas destinés à guider le choix de traitement antimicrobien, cette technique peut fournir aux cliniciens des informations supplémentaires leur permettant de préciser plus rapidement les antibiothérapies empiriques adéquates.<strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Objectif :</strong> Présenter les caractéristiques diagnostiques du dépistage par écouvillonnage nasal comme outil servant à prédire les infections à SARM chez les patients hospitalisés qui reçoivent un traitement empirique de vancomycine par voie intraveineuse.</p><p><strong>Méthodes :</strong> On a mené une analyse d’observation rétrospective au moyen des dossiers médicaux de patients adultes nouvellement admis au Peter Lougheed Centre à Calgary, en Alberta, ayant reçu un traitement empirique de vancomycine par voie intraveineuse entre janvier 2015 et octobre 2015 et ayant subi un dépistage du SARM par écouvillonnage nasal. Les caractéristiques diagnostiques du dépistage par écouvillonnage nasal ont été obtenues par comparaison avec les résultats de culture correspondants qui provenaient des échantillons recueillis à l’admission.<strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Résultats :</strong> Pour ce qui est des 273 patients retenus pour la présente étude, le dépistage du SARM par écouvillonnage nasal a affiché les caractéristiques diagnostiques suivantes comparativement aux résultats des cultures bactériennes : sensibilité de 58,3 % (intervalle de confiance [IC] à 95 % de 28,6 % à 83,5 %), spécificité de 93,9 % (IC à 95 % de 90,0 % à 96,3 %), valeur prédictive positive de 30,4 % (IC à 95 % de 14,1 % à 53,0 %), valeur prédictive négative de 98,0 % (IC à 95 % de 95,1 % à 99,3 %), rapport de vraisemblance positif de 9,5 (IC à 95 % de 4,9 à 18,7) et rapport de vraisemblance négatif de 0,4 (IC à 95 % de 0,2 à 0,9).</p><p><strong>Conclusions :</strong> Compte tenu de la spécificité élevée de cette technique rapide, les cliniciens devraient s’assurer que les patients qui reçoivent un traitement empirique pour une infection à SARM et dont le résultat du dépistage du SARM par écouvillonnage nasal se révèle positif continuent à être traités contre le SARM jusqu’à l’obtention des résultats de culture. De plus, la valeur prédictive négative élevée et le rapport de vraisemblance positif élevé associés au dépistage par écouvillonnage nasal dans un contexte de faible prévalence suggèrent qu’un résultat négatif réduit de façon significative les probabilités d’infection à SARM. Enfin, bien que le dépistage du SARM par écouvillonnage nasal soit présentement utilisé pour déterminer les précautions à prendre concernant l’isolation, ce type d’analyse avait aussi le potentiel d’aider les cliniciens à prévoir les probabilités d’infection à SARM et de guider leur choix quant à l’antibiothérapie.</p>


2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 810-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uday Deotare ◽  
Marwan Shaheen ◽  
Joseph M. Brandwein ◽  
Bethany Pitcher ◽  
Suzanne Kamel-Reid ◽  
...  

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e4139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qianying Zhang ◽  
Kanchun Dai ◽  
Laixi Bi ◽  
Songfu Jiang ◽  
Yixiang Han ◽  
...  

Background Pretreatment platelet count has been reported as a potential tool to predict survival outcome in several solid tumors. However, the predictive value of pretreatment platelet count remains obscure in de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) excluding acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3). Methods We conducted a retrospective review of 209 patients with de novo non-M3 AML in our institute over a period of 8 years (2007–2015). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the optimal platelet (PLT) cutoff in patients. We analyzed the overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS) using the log-rank test and Cox regression analysis. Results By defining the platelet count 50 × 109/L and 120 × 109/L as two cut-off points, we categorized the patients into three groups: low (<50 × 109/L), medium (50–120 × 109/L) and high (>120 × 109/L). On univariate analysis, patients with medium platelet count had longer OS and DFS than those with low or high platelet count. However, the multivariate analysis showed that only longer DFS was observed in patients with medium platelet count than those with low or high platelet count. Conclusion Our findings indicate that pretreatment platelet count has a predictive value for the prognosis of patients with non-M3 AML.


Radiology ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 197 (1) ◽  
pp. 301-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
B C Vande Berg ◽  
P J Schmitz ◽  
J M Scheiff ◽  
B J Filleul ◽  
J L Michaux ◽  
...  

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Seop Lee ◽  
Bianca Montalmont ◽  
Jessica A. O’Hara ◽  
Alveena Syed ◽  
Charma Chaussard ◽  
...  

OBJECTIVENasal swab culture is the standard method for identifying methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriers. However, this method is known to miss a substantial portion of those carrying MRSA elsewhere. We hypothesized that the additional use of a sponge to collect skin culture samples would significantly improve the sensitivity of MRSA detection.DESIGNHospitalized patients with recent MRSA infection were enrolled and underwent MRSA screening of the forehead, nostrils, pharynx, axilla, and groin with separate swabs and the forehead, axilla, and groin with separate sponges. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing was conducted by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).PATIENTSA total of 105 MRSA patients were included in the study.RESULTSAt least 1 specimen from 56.2% of the patients grew MRSA. Among patients with at least 1 positive specimen, the detection sensitivities were 79.7% for the swabs and 64.4% for the sponges. Notably, 86.4% were detected by a combination of sponges and nasal swab, and 72.9% were detected by a combination of pharyngeal and nasal swabs, whereas only 50.9% were detected by nasal swab alone (P<0.0001 and P=0.0003, respectively). Most isolates had SCCmec type II (59.9%) and IV (35.7%). No correlation was observed between the SCCmec types and collection sites.CONCLUSIONScreening using a sponge significantly improves MRSA detection when used in addition to screening with the standard nasal swab.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;36(1): 28–33


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