Feeding Behaviour of Three Species of Squirrels

Behaviour ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 95 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 76-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Shiraishi ◽  
Teru Aki Uchida ◽  
Motokazu Ando
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Large Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lateral Side ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Sitting Posture ◽  
Flying Squirrel ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Feeding Bout

AbstractThe Japanese giant flying squirrel, Petaurista leucogenys, Japanese flying squirrel, Pteromys momonga and Asiatic chipmunk, were compared for feeding behaviour under experimental conditions. Although P. leucogenys always fed in a sitting posture on branches, it extended its forepaws effectively both laterally and ventrally. When the animal was not able to place its large body on a slender twig, it brought the twig within reach of the mouth by the forepaws, obtaining food at the tip. P. momonga and T. s. asiaticus took a hanging posture, too, and the former was more skillful in this posture than was the latter. In picking up food scattered on the floor, P. leucogenys extended the body, without shifting its hindfeet, in a wide range including its lateral side; T. s. asiaticus got food in a narrow range only just in front of the body, and P. momonga had an intermediate range between those of the above two species. Among the three species, the daily frequency of feeding bouts was in inverse proportion to the duration of a feeding bout; P. leucogenys had relatively long and infrequent bouts, the reverse being the case with T. s. asiaticus. Characteristics of the posture, technique and frequency of feeding in the three species were supposed to be a reflection of interspecific differences in the diet, habitat, and freedom and length of the forelimb.

Observations on the life-cycle of the strigeoid trematode, Apatemon (Apatemon) gracilis (Rudolphi, 1819) Szidat, 1928

1976 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Blair
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Fish Host ◽  
The Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Stone Loach ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Pericardial Cavity ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractThe life-cycle of Apatemon (A.) gracilis was completed in the laboratory. The snail host is Lymnaeaperegra (Müller). The cercaria is redescribed from a wide range of material. Metacercariae were found in naturally infected rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson), three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatiis L.) and stone loach (Nemacheilus barbatulus (L.)) from Scotland and in three-spined sticklebacks from Iceland. In trout, most metacercariae were found in the pericardial cavity, in sticklebacks, the eye, and in loach, the body cavity. In infection experiments, cercariae from naturally infected Scottish snails developed in threespined sticklebacks, rainbow trout and brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). Under experimental conditions cercariae did not penetrate stone loach, although this species is naturally infected with A gracilis. The phenomenon of fish host specificity is briefly discussed. Development of the metacercaria is described. Excystation of metacercarial cysts with pepsin and trypsin solutions is unlike that reported for any other digenean; the contents of the cyst appear to be under pressure. In pepsin, layers of the cyst wall peel back from one end. When transferred to trypsin, one pole of the cyst ruptures and the worm is forcibly expelled.

The life cycle of Haplorchis pumilio (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) from the Indian region

2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Umadevi ◽  
R. Madhavi
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Large Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Indian Region ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Experimental Infections ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Haplorchis Pumilio ◽  
Thiara Tuberculata

AbstractThe life cycle of the heterophyid fluke, Haplorchis pumilio is elucidated for the first time from the Indian region. Various stages in the life cycle were established based on observations made on natural infections found in snails and fish in a freshwater stream at Visakhapatnam, India and experimental infections carried out in the laboratory. The thiarid snail, Thiara tuberculata served as the first intermediate host and a wide range of freshwater fish as second intermediate hosts. Natural infections with adult flukes were found in the piscivorous birds Ardeola grayii and Bubulcus ibis. Adults were raised experimentally in day-old chicks. Distinguishing features of the cercaria of H. pumilio are: a large body size (200–224×92–96 μm), body–tail ratio of 1:2.1 and densely distributed pigment granules in the parenchyma imparting a brownish tinge to the body. Natural infections with metacercariae were found in the freshwater fish Channa punctatus, C. orientalis, Puntius sophore, Gambusia affinis and fingerlings of Cyprinus carpio and Liza macrolepis. Additionally, experimental infections were established in Therapon jarbua, Esomus danricus and Oreochromis mossambica. Metacercariae were embedded in the caudal muscles of fish and heavy infections induced mortality. Metacercariae were infective at about 15 days of age.

scholarly journals EuMoBot: replicating euglenoid movement in a soft robot

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (148) ◽  
pp. 20180301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishna Manaswi Digumarti ◽  
Andrew T. Conn ◽  
Jonathan Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Shape Change ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Small Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Soft Robot ◽  
Soft Robots ◽  
Characteristic Type ◽  
Viscous Forces ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Euglenoid Movement

Swimming is employed as a form of locomotion by many organisms in nature across a wide range of scales. Varied strategies of shape change are employed to achieve fluidic propulsion at different scales due to changes in hydrodynamics. In the case of microorganisms, the small mass, low Reynolds number and dominance of viscous forces in the medium, requires a change in shape that is non-invariant under time reversal to achieve movement. The Euglena family of unicellular flagellates evolved a characteristic type of locomotion called euglenoid movement to overcome this challenge, wherein the body undergoes a giant change in shape. It is believed that these large deformations enable the organism to move through viscous fluids and tiny spaces. The ability to drastically change the shape of the body is particularly attractive in robots designed to move through constrained spaces and cluttered environments such as through the human body for invasive medical procedures or through collapsed rubble in search of survivors. Inspired by the euglenoids, we present the design of EuMoBot, a multi-segment soft robot that replicates large body deformations to achieve locomotion. Two robots have been fabricated at different sizes operating with a constant internal volume, which exploit hyperelasticity of fluid-filled elastomeric chambers to replicate the motion of euglenoids. The smaller robot moves at a speed of body lengths per cycle (20 mm min −1 or 2.2 cycles min −1 ) while the larger one attains a speed of body lengths per cycle (4.5 mm min −1 or 0.4 cycles min −1 ). We show the potential for biomimetic soft robots employing shape change to both replicate biological motion and act as a tool for studying it. In addition, we present a quantitative method based on elliptic Fourier descriptors to characterize and compare the shape of the robot with that of its biological counterpart. Our results show a similarity in shape of 85% and indicate that this method can be applied to understand the evolution of shape in other nonlinear, dynamic soft robots where a model for the shape does not exist.

scholarly journals A large-scale comparison of cross-situational word learning models

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Kachergis ◽  
Michael C. Frank
Keyword(s):  
Language Learners ◽  
Word Learning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Word Meanings ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Best Fitting

One problem language learners face is extracting word meanings from scenes with many possible referents. Despite the ambiguity of individual situations, a large body of empirical work shows that people are able to learn cross-situationally when a word occurs in different situations. Many computational models of cross-situational word learning have been proposed, yet there is little consensus on the main mechanisms supporting learning, in part due to the profusion of disparate studies and models, and lack of systematic model comparisons across a wide range of studies. This study compares the performance of several extant models on a dataset of 44 experimental conditions and a total of 1,696 participants. Using cross-validation, we fit multiple models representing theories of both associative learning and hypothesis-testing theories of word learning, find two best-fitting models, and discuss issues of model and mechanism identifiability. Finally, we test the models’ ability to generalize to additional experiments, including developmental data.

Rola tłuszczu w żywieniu człowieka

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Rudzińska ◽  
Roman Przybylski
Keyword(s):  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Fats And Oils ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dietary Fats ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Wide Range

Along with proteins and carbohydrates, fat is one of the three most important components of the human diet. For years, it was recommended that the intake of fats should be as low as possible due to their high calorific value. It is currently assumed that 30-35% of dietary energy should come from fat as it is a source of many bioactive compounds, such as essential unsaturated fatty acids (EUFAs), antioxidants and vitamins (A, D, E, K), which must be delivered to the body with food. Their content in vegetable fats and oils varies greatly, and the existing consumer opinions and beliefs often contradict scientific knowledge. Currently, a large body of evidence supporting the important role of fats in the human diet may be found in literature. This paper discusses the basic components of vegetable fats and oils in terms of their chemical structure and biological properties. A wide range of dietary fats were reviewed for their fatty acid, tocopherol and sterol profiles. Based on these facts, criteria to be taken into account in the selection of dietary fats and food products were identified.

scholarly journals Fatness and thermoregulation of qualified rugby players

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 02011
Author(s):  
Inese Pontaga ◽  
Jekaterina Liepina ◽  
Dzintra Kazoka ◽  
Silvija Umbrasko
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Large Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Body Fat Percent ◽  
Rugby Players

A large body size and mass are advantages in rugby. The desire to gain weight can bring players to become overweight or obese. This can worsen their thermoregulation and health risks. The aim was to evaluate anthropometric characteristics and to determine the effect of additional body fat percentage on sweat loss during play-match in male rugby players. Nineteen qualified male rugby players were tested during play-match. The age, height, body mass, body mass index (BMI) and body fat percent of participants were: 29 ± 6 years, 183 ± 7 cm, 96.86 ± 12.88 kg, 29.07 ± 3.90 kg/m2, 20.52 ± 5.64%, respectively. The skin fold thickness measurement was used to assess body fat percent. Body mass loss was detected by weighting. The mean BMI was 26.18 ± 2.37 (kg/m2) and the body fat 15.87 ± 3.97% in backs. Forwards were significantly heavier and had BMI 31.18 ± 3.44 (kg/m2)(p = 0.002) and the body fat 23.91 ± 4.02% (p < 0.001). The mean body mass decrease in the play-match was 1.83 ± 0.84%. The mean sweating intensity was 2.24 ± 1.07 l/h, but individual varied among players in very wide range (1.12–6.16 l/h). Relationships between the body fat percentage and sweating intensity was not determined (p > 0.05). Recommendation is to increase the volume of regular strength training, to correct the diet and liquid consumption.

Men’s Hunger, Food Consumption, and Preferences for Female Body Types

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 495-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Guéguen
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Female Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Slender Body ◽  
Mediation Effect ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Body Type ◽  
Experimental Conditions

Nelson and Morrison (2005 , study 3) reported that men who feel hungry preferred heavier women. The present study replicates these results by using real photographs of women and examines the mediation effect of hunger scores. Men were solicited while entering or leaving a restaurant and asked to report their hunger on a 10-point scale. Afterwards, they were presented with three photographs of a woman in a bikini: One with a slim body type, one with a slender body type, and one with a slightly chubby body. The participants were asked to indicate their preference. Results showed that the participants entering the restaurant preferred the chubby body type more while satiated men preferred the thinner or slender body types. It was also found that the relation between experimental conditions and the choices of the body type was mediated by men’s hunger scores.

Creating the Wind

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 14-31
Author(s):  
Élodie Dupey García
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
The Body ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Natural Behavior ◽  
Sensory Experiences ◽  
Identity And Agency ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Late Postclassic ◽  
Comparative Examination ◽  
Meteorological Phenomenon

This article explores how the Nahua of late Postclassic Mesoamerica (1200–1521 CE) created living and material embodiments of their wind god constructed on the basis of sensory experiences that shaped their conception of this divinized meteorological phenomenon. In this process, they employed chromatic and design devices, based on a wide range of natural elements, to add several layers of meaning to the human, painted, and sculpted supports dressed in the god’s insignia. Through a comparative examination of pre-Columbian visual production—especially codices and sculptures—historical sources mainly written in Nahuatl during the viceregal period, and ethnographic data on indigenous communities in modern Mexico, my analysis targets the body paint and shell jewelry of the anthropomorphic “images” of the wind god, along with the Feathered Serpent and the monkey-inspired embodiments of the deity. This study identifies the centrality of other human senses beyond sight in the conception of the wind god and the making of its earthly manifestations. Constructing these deity “images” was tantamount to creating the wind because they were intended to be visual replicas of the wind’s natural behavior. At the same time, they referred to the identity and agency of the wind god in myths and rituals.

Strongly Coupled Redox-Linked Conformational Switching at the Active Site of the Non-Heme Iron-Dependent Dioxygenase, TauD

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher John ◽  
Greg M. Swain ◽  
Robert P. Hausinger ◽  
Denis A. Proshlyakov
Keyword(s):  
Active Site ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Heme Iron ◽  
Chemical Transformations ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Strongly Coupled ◽  
Non Heme Iron ◽  
Reversible Redox ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Complex Structural

2-Oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent dioxygenases catalyze C-H activation while performing a wide range of chemical transformations. In contrast to their heme analogues, non-heme iron centers afford greater structural flexibility with important implications for their diverse catalytic mechanisms. We characterize an <i>in situ</i> structural model of the putative transient ferric intermediate of 2OG:taurine dioxygenase (TauD) by using a combination of spectroelectrochemical and semi-empirical computational methods, demonstrating that the Fe (III/II) transition involves a substantial, fully reversible, redox-linked conformational change at the active site. This rearrangement alters the apparent redox potential of the active site between -127 mV for reduction of the ferric state and 171 mV for oxidation of the ferrous state of the 2OG-Fe-TauD complex. Structural perturbations exhibit limited sensitivity to mediator concentrations and potential pulse duration. Similar changes were observed in the Fe-TauD and taurine-2OG-Fe-TauD complexes, thus attributing the reorganization to the protein moiety rather than the cosubstrates. Redox difference infrared spectra indicate a reorganization of the protein backbone in addition to the involvement of carboxylate and histidine ligands. Quantitative modeling of the transient redox response using two alternative reaction schemes across a variety of experimental conditions strongly supports the proposal for intrinsic protein reorganization as the origin of the experimental observations.

Chaos in body–vortex interactions

2010 ◽  
Vol 466 (2119) ◽  
pp. 1871-1891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Roenby ◽  
Hassan Aref
Keyword(s):  
Body Shape ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Relative Equilibrium ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Point Vortex ◽  
Cylindrical Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Motion ◽  
Single Vortex ◽  
Vortex Interactions

The model of body–vortex interactions, where the fluid flow is planar, ideal and unbounded, and the vortex is a point vortex, is studied. The body may have a constant circulation around it. The governing equations for the general case of a freely moving body of arbitrary shape and mass density and an arbitrary number of point vortices are presented. The case of a body and a single vortex is then investigated numerically in detail. In this paper, the body is a homogeneous, elliptical cylinder. For large body–vortex separations, the system behaves much like a vortex pair regardless of body shape. The case of a circle is integrable. As the body is made slightly elliptic, a chaotic region grows from an unstable relative equilibrium of the circle-vortex case. The case of a cylindrical body of any shape moving in fluid otherwise at rest is also integrable. A second transition to chaos arises from the limit between rocking and tumbling motion of the body known in this case. In both instances, the chaos may be detected both in the body motion and in the vortex motion. The effect of increasing body mass at a fixed body shape is to damp the chaos.

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