Where in Europe should we look for sources of the cutaneous trematode Collyriclum faba infections in migrating birds?

2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Sitko ◽  
J. Sitko
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Great Reed Warbler ◽  
Reed Warbler ◽  
Garden Warbler ◽  
Song Thrush ◽  
Breeding Migration ◽  
Sylvia Borin ◽  
Migrating Birds ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Eurasian Treecreeper

AbstractCutaneous cysts with trematodes of Collyriclum faba have been found in birds during their spring and post-breeding migrations in the Czech Republic. During spring migrations, C. faba was found in one dunnock Prunella modularis, two European robins Erithacus rubecula, three common nightingales Luscinia megarhynchos, one song thrush Turdus philomelos and one great reed warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus. During post-breeding migration, the same parasite was found in one garden warbler Sylvia borin, one whitehroat S. communis, three goldcrests Regulus regulus and one Eurasian treecreeper Certhia familiaris. The newly identified hosts of C. faba are dunnock, common nightingale, song thrush, great reed warbler and Eurasian treecreeper. Geographical areas of the birds' infection were identified from an analysis of reports on ringed birds of the same species, the time necessary for the development of cutaneous cysts with C. faba and the time of their survival, and hitherto known geographical areas of endemic occurrence of C. faba. It is presumed that birds trapped during spring migrations were infected in some montane and submontane regions in south-western Europe (the Alps, the Apennines). Birds infected during autumn migration or post-breeding vagrancy could have been infected in the Central European Carpathians, the region of C. faba endemic occurrence. For migrating birds, the impact of C. faba infections has not been hitherto assessed.

scholarly journals Egg Mimicry in Cuckoos Parasitizing Four Sympatric Species of Acrocephalus Warblers

The Condor ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 829-837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Edvardsen ◽  
Arne Moksnes ◽  
Eivin Røskaft ◽  
Ingar J. Øien ◽  
Marcel Honza
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Great Reed Warbler ◽  
Brood Parasite ◽  
Reed Warbler ◽  
Cuculus Canorus ◽  
Garden Warbler ◽  
Sedge Warbler ◽  
Acrocephalus Scirpaceus ◽  
Sylvia Borin

AbstractThe Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) is an interspecific brood parasite that mimics the eggs of its hosts. In this study we tested the resemblance between Cuckoo and host eggs in four host species breeding in sympatry: the Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus scirpaceus), Great Reed Warbler (A. arundinaceus), Sedge Warbler (A. schoenobaenus), and Marsh Warbler (A. palustris). According to the “gentes theory,” individual Cuckoos lay eggs that mimic those of a single host species, and they parasitize only that species. We therefore expected the Cuckoo eggs to more closely resemble the eggs of their respective host species than eggs of sympatric hosts. However, analyses showed no such resemblance; test subjects were not able to distinguish Cuckoo eggs taken from nests of different host species. The most common Cuckoo egg type resembled the eggs of the Garden Warbler (Sylvia borin), a frequent European Cuckoo host which, however, has not been found parasitized in the study area. A possible evolutionary origin for this resemblance is discussed. Results from radio-tracking of Cuckoo females in the study area have shown that host preference does exist. This preference has not yet been manifested in the evolution of clear Cuckoo egg morphs adapted to the different host species.Imitación de Huevos por Cuculus canorus que Parasitan Cuatro Especies Simpátricas de AcrocephalusResumen. El cuco (Cuculus canorus) parasita los nidos de varias especies imitando los huevos de sus especies hospederas. En este estudio cotejamos la similitud entre los huevos de cucos y los huevos de cuatro especies hospederas que crían en simpatría: Acrocephalus scirpaceus, A. arundinaceus, A. schoenobaenus, A. palustris. De acuerdo a la “teoría de gentes” los huevos que pone un individuo de cuco imitan sólo a los huevos de una especie hospedera, y por lo tanto parasita sólo a esa especie. Debido a esto esperábamos que los huevos de cucos fueran más similares a los huevos de sus respectivas especies hospederas que a los huevos de las demás especies hospederas simpátricas. Sin embargo, los análisis no mostraron dicha similitud; los individuos testeados no fueron capaces de distinguir entre huevos de cucos tomados de nidos de diferentes especies hospederas. El tipo de huevo más común de cuco se asemeja a los huevos de Sylvia borin, una especie hospedera frecuente para los cucos europeos, la cual, sin embargo, no ha sido encontrada parasitada en el área de estudio. Se discute el posible origen evolutivo de dicha similitud. Los resultados de telemetría de hembras de cucos en el área de estudio han mostrado que la preferencia de hospedadores existe. Esta preferencia no se ha manifestado aún en la evolución del morfo claro de huevo de cuco adaptado a las diferentes especies hospederas.

Spring migration timing of Sylvia warblers in Tatarstan (Russia) 1957–2008

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 595-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleg Askeyev ◽  
Tim Sparks ◽  
Igor Askeyev ◽  
Piotr Tryjanowski
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Garden Warbler ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Migration Timing ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Arrival Dates ◽  
First Arrival ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe timing of when migrant birds return to breed is a key component of studies of the impact of climate change upon bird populations. However, such data are not distributed evenly across the World, and in the Northern Hemisphere are underrepresented in Asia and the east of Europe. Therefore, to help rectify this bias, we analysed first arrival dates (FAD) of four species of Sylvia warblers (Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla, Whitethroat S.communis, Lesser Whitethroat S.curruca and Garden Warbler S.borin) collected in the Tatarstan Republic of Russia between 1957 and 2008. Over the whole period the species returned to their breeding sites between three and six days earlier; these trends were significant except for Whitethroat. Advances in arrival were especially apparent in the two earlier species, Blackcap and Lesser Whitethroat, mainly because local temperatures for March had risen substantially. Except for Whitethroat, FADs were significantly related to temperatures in the African wintering ground and/or in Tatarstan. Whilst significant correlations occurred between FADs of some of the species, there was considerable variability in these relationships indicating a species-specific response to rising temperatures. Changes in FADs in this eastern extremity of Europe were smaller than in Central and Western Europe.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF WEATHER AND REED MANAGEMENT ON NESTING PARAMETERS OF THE GREAT REED WARBLER, ACROCEPHALUS ARUNDINACEUS (AVES: SYLVIIDAE)

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 305-312
Author(s):  
Thomas Oliver Mérő ◽  
Antun Žuljević
Keyword(s):  
Clutch Size ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Nesting Success ◽  
Great Reed Warbler ◽  
Nest Density ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Reed Warbler ◽  
The Impact

Nesting parameters such as clutch size, hatching rate or nesting success have been extensively studied in birds in relation to biotic and abiotic factors. In this study we aimed to investigate the effects of air temperature, amount of precipitation, reed burning, and water depth (independent variables) on nest density, clutch size, hatching rate, and nesting success (dependent variables) of the Great Reed Warbler during a nine-year period. We found that neither the clutch size nor the hatching rate was influenced by any of the predictor variables. Nest density was positively influenced by the water depth, while the nesting success was negatively related to the amount of precipitation. Reed burning had no effect on any of the nesting parameters. Similarly, to our results, short-term studies reported a positive relationship between nest density and water depth, and a negative relationship between the nesting success and amount of precipitation, indicating that these two environmental variables generally influence the two nesting parameters. However, the impact of various reed management practices, such as harvesting or removal, on the nesting variables of the Great Reed Warbler needs further clarification.

Anne O. Krueger, Constantine Michalopoulos and Vernon W. Ruttan. Aid and Development. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1989. xiv + 386 pp.Price: U.S. $ 52.00

1991 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-217
Author(s):  
Mir Annice Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
International Development ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Development Assistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Low Literacy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact

Foreign aid has been the subject of much examination and research ever since it entered the economic armamentarium approximately 45 years ago. This was the time when the Second World War had successfully ended for the Allies in the defeat of Germany and Japan. However, a new enemy, the Soviet Union, had materialized at the end of the conflict. To counter the threat from the East, the United States undertook the implementation of the Marshal Plan, which was extremely successful in rebuilding and revitalizing a shattered Western Europe. Aid had made its impact. The book under review is by three well-known economists and is the outcome of a study sponsored by the Department of State and the United States Agency for International Development. The major objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of assistance, i.e., aid, on economic development. This evaluation however, was to be based on the existing literature on the subject. The book has five major parts: Part One deals with development thought and development assistance; Part Two looks at the relationship between donors and recipients; Part Three evaluates the use of aid by sector; Part Four presents country case-studies; and Part Five synthesizes the lessons from development assistance. Part One of the book is very informative in that it summarises very concisely the theoretical underpinnings of the aid process. In the beginning, aid was thought to be the answer to underdevelopment which could be achieved by a transfer of capital from the rich to the poor. This approach, however, did not succeed as it was simplistic. Capital transfers were not sufficient in themselves to bring about development, as research in this area came to reveal. The development process is a complicated one, with inputs from all sectors of the economy. Thus, it came to be recognized that factors such as low literacy rates, poor health facilities, and lack of social infrastructure are also responsible for economic backwardness. Part One of the book, therefore, sums up appropriately the various trends in development thought. This is important because the book deals primarily with the issue of the effectiveness of aid as a catalyst to further economic development.

scholarly journals Reducing environmental impacts from garments through best practice garment use and care, using the example of a Merino wool sweater

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen G. Wiedemann ◽  
Leo Biggs ◽  
Quan V. Nguyen ◽  
Simon J. Clarke ◽  
Kirsi Laitala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Impact Category ◽  
Fashion Industry ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Multiple Users ◽  
Washing Machines ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Purpose Garment production and use generate substantial environmental impacts, and the care and use are key determinants of cradle-to-grave impacts. The present study investigated the potential to reduce environmental impacts by applying best practices for garment care combined with increased garment use. A wool sweater is used as an example because wool garments have particular attributes that favour reduced environmental impacts in the use phase. Methods A cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to compare six plausible best and worst-case practice scenarios for use and care of a wool sweater, relative to current practices. These focussed on options available to consumers to reduce impacts, including reduced washing frequency, use of more efficient washing machines, reduced use of machine clothing dryers, garment reuse by multiple users, and increasing number of garment wears before disposal. A sixth scenario combined all options. Worst practices took the worst plausible alternative for each option investigated. Impacts were reported per wear in Western Europe for climate change, fossil energy demand, water stress and freshwater consumption. Results and discussion Washing less frequently reduced impacts by between 4 and 20%, while using more efficient washing machines at capacity reduced impacts by 1 to 6%, depending on the impact category. Reduced use of machine dryer reduced impacts by < 5% across all indicators. Reusing garments by multiple users increased life span and reduced impacts by 25–28% across all indicators. Increasing wears from 109 to 400 per garment lifespan had the largest effect, decreasing impacts by 60% to 68% depending on the impact category. Best practice care, where garment use was maximised and care practices focussed on the minimum practical requirements, resulted in a ~ 75% reduction in impacts across all indicators. Unsurprisingly, worst-case scenarios increased impacts dramatically: using the garment once before disposal increased GHG impacts over 100 times. Conclusions Wool sweaters have potential for long life and low environmental impact in use, but there are substantial differences between the best, current and worst-case scenarios. Detailed information about garment care and lifespans is needed to understand and reduce environmental impacts. Opportunities exist for consumers to rapidly and dramatically reduce these impacts. The fashion industry can facilitate this through garment design and marketing that promotes and enables long wear life and minimal care.

scholarly journals Energy Stores, Oxidative Balance, and Sleep in Migratory Garden Warblers (Sylvia borin) and Whitethroats (Sylvia communis) at a Spring Stopover Site

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Ferretti ◽  
Scott R McWilliams ◽  
Niels C Rattenborg ◽  
Ivan Maggini ◽  
Massimiliano Cardinale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Oxidative Status ◽  
Energy Reserves ◽  
Stopover Site ◽  
Garden Warbler ◽  
Oxidative Balance ◽  
Energy Stores ◽  
Sylvia Borin ◽  
Sylvia Communis

Synopsis Little is known about how songbirds modulate sleep during migratory periods. Due to the alternation of nocturnal endurance flights and diurnal refueling stopovers, sleep is likely to be a major constraint for many migratory passerine species. Sleep may help to increase the endogenous antioxidant capacity that counteracts free radicals produced during endurance flight and reduces energy expenditure. Here, we investigated the relationship between sleep behavior, food intake, and two markers of physiological condition—the amount of energy reserves and oxidative status—in two migratory songbird species, the garden warbler (Sylvia borin) and the whitethroat (Sylvia communis). In garden warblers, birds with high energy stores were more prone to sleep during the day, while this condition-dependent sleep pattern was not present in whitethroats. In both species, birds with low energy stores were more likely to sleep with their head tucked in the feathers during nocturnal sleep. Moreover, we found a positive correlation between food intake and the extent of energy reserves in garden warblers, but not in whitethroats. Finally, we did not find significant correlations between oxidative status and sleep, or oxidative status and energy stores. Despite our study was not comparative, it suggests that different species might use different strategies to manage their energy during stopover and, additionally, it raises the possibility that migrants have evolved physiological adaptations to deal with oxidative damage produced during migration.

scholarly journals Fate of unproductive and unattractive habitats: recent changes in Iberian steppes and their effects on endangered avifauna

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAOLA LAIOLO ◽  
JOSÉ L. TELLA
Keyword(s):  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Species Dispersal ◽  
Ecological Value ◽  
Shrub Steppe ◽  
Steppe Birds ◽  
Dupont’S Lark ◽  
The Impact

Steppe ecosystems worldwide are affected by agricultural development and generally unprotected. Spanish shrub-steppes contain endangered avifauna, and this paper analyses their state of habitat conservation, the changes that have occurred in the last decade, primary productivity and its relationship with land exploitation and the richness of threatened birds, and avifauna responses to habitat loss. Fifty steppe remnants distributed throughout Spain and inhabited by Dupont's lark Chersophilus duponti, an endangered passerine representative of shrub steppe-like habitat, were studied. The study fragments were generally affected by agriculture exploitation, and steppe cover had significantly decreased in several isolated patches during the period 1991–1999. Steppe habitat recovered slightly in areas with low plant productivity indices, and decreased in extent in the most productive areas, in line with EU (European Union) agricultural policy recommendations to abandon marginal land of low productivity. The low overall primary productivity of Iberian steppes opened the way to industrial activities (mining, waste collection and wind-farming), which in the study areas occurred more frequently in steppe than in other habitat types that are more attractive to the public (woodland) or more productive (farmland). The emerging wind industry little affected the study plots, but the presence of anemometers suggests that the impact is likely to increase in the near future, especially in the largest steppelands. Dupont's lark was sensitive to the fragmentation of its habitat; crowding occurred in isolated and small fragments, possibly as a consequence of habitat constraints and species dispersal dynamics. Fragments inhabited by Dupont's lark also hosted other steppe birds with a high conservation value; the community of endangered birds, mostly adapted to arid conditions, was richest in the less productive sites. Only four shrub-steppe fragments are given some kind of protection throughout Spain, testifying to the limited public awareness about the value of this habitat. Urgent action is required to restore this habitat through abandonment of less productive farmland, and to create a network of protected and connected steppelands, in order to assure the long-term viability of steppe specialists and the preservation of a habitat that is unique in Western Europe. This should be coupled to an effort to increase social consciousness of the ecological value of steppes and arid landscapes in general.

scholarly journals The Centre Does Not Hold: Coalition Politics and Party System Change in the Netherlands, 2002–12

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huib Pellikaan ◽  
Sarah L. de Lange ◽  
Tom W.G. van der Meer
Keyword(s):  
Coalition Formation ◽  
Party System ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Party Systems ◽  
Party Competition ◽  
Radical Right ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Coalition Politics ◽  
Coalition Formation Process ◽  
The Impact

Like many party systems across Western Europe, the Dutch party system has been in flux since 2002 as a result of a series of related developments, including the decline of mainstream parties which coincided with the emergence of radical right-wing populist parties and the concurrent dimensional transformation of the political space. This article analyses how these challenges to mainstream parties fundamentally affected the structure of party competition. On the basis of content analysis of party programmes, we examine the changing configuration of the Dutch party space since 2002 and investigate the impact of these changes on coalition-formation patterns. We conclude that the Dutch party system has become increasingly unstable. It has gradually lost its core through electoral fragmentation and mainstream parties’ positional shifts. The disappearance of a core party that dominates the coalition-formation process initially transformed the direction of party competition from centripetal to centrifugal. However, since 2012 a theoretically novel configuration has emerged in which no party or coherent group of parties dominates competition.

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