Perceiving Discrimination: Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation in the Legal Workplace

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (04) ◽  
pp. 1051-1082
Author(s):  
Robert L. Nelson ◽  
Ioana Sendroiu ◽  
Ronit Dinovitzer ◽  
Meghan Dawe
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
White Women ◽  
Perceived Discrimination ◽  
Work Organization ◽  
White Men ◽  
Social Background ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sexual Orientations ◽  
Self Reports

Using quantitative and qualitative data from a large national sample of lawyers, we examine self-reports of perceived discrimination in the legal workplace. Across three waves of surveys, we find that persons of color, white women, and LGBTQ attorneys are far more likely to perceive they have been a target of discrimination than white men. These differences hold in multivariate models that control for social background, status in the profession and the work organization, and characteristics of the work organization. Qualitative comments describing these experiences reveal that lawyers of different races, genders, and sexual orientations are exposed to distinctive types of bias, that supervisors and clients are the most frequent sources of discriminatory treatment, and the often-overt character of perceived discrimination. These self-reports suggest that bias in the legal workplace is widespread and rooted in the same hierarchies of race, gender, and sexual orientation that pervade society.

scholarly journals Sexual orientation and race mute the prescriptive nature of gender stereotypes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sa-kiera Tiarra Jolynn Hudson ◽  
Asma Ghani
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
White Men ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Total N ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Sexual Orientations

There is substantial research on the nature and impact of gender prescriptive stereotypes. However, there has been relatively little work on whether these stereotypes are equally applicable to men and women of different identities. Across two studies (total N = 1074), we assessed gender prescriptive stereotypes intersectionality in an American context, for men and women of different sexual orientations (Study 1) and races (Study 2). Results show strong evidence of a straight-centric bias, as prescriptive stereotypes of men and women most closely aligned with those of straight men and women, but limited evidence for a White-centric bias. Furthermore, observed gender differences in prescriptive stereotypes were smaller or non-existent for sexual and ethnic minority targets compared to straight and White targets, suggesting that theories around the dyadic nature of gender stereotypes between men and women might be restricted to straight and White men and women.

Poverty and Death in the United States

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Hahn ◽  
Elaine D. Eaker ◽  
Nancy D. Barker ◽  
Steven M. Teutsch ◽  
Waldemar A. Sosniak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Black Women ◽  
White Women ◽  
Population Attributable Risk ◽  
White Men ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Cholesterol Levels

The authors conducted a survival analysis to determine the effect of poverty on mortality in a national sample of blacks and whites, 25 to 74 years of age (the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-1) and NHANES-I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study). They estimated the proportion of mortality associated with poverty during 1971–1984 and in 1991 by calculating population attributable risk and assessed confounding by major known risk factors (e.g., smoking, cholesterol levels, and physical inactivity). In 1973, 6.0 percent of U.S. mortality among black and white persons 25 to 74 years of age was attributable to poverty; in 1991, the proportion was 5.9 percent. In 1991, rates of mortality attributable to poverty were lowest for white women, 2.2 times as high for white men, 8.6 times as high for black men, and 3.6 times as high for black women. Adjustment for all these potential confounders combined had little effect on the hazard ratio among men, but reduced the effect of poverty on mortality among women by 42 percent. The proportion of mortality attributable to poverty among U.S. black and white adults has changed only minimally in recent decades. The effect of poverty on mortality must be largely explained by conditions other than commonly recognized risk factors.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular Health at the Intersection of Race and Gender: Identifying Life-Course Processes to Reduce Health Disparities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chioun Lee ◽  
Soojin Park ◽  
Jennifer M Boylan
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Black Men ◽  
White Women ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Perceived Discrimination ◽  
White Men ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Unmeasured Confounders

Abstract Objective Cardiovascular health (CVH) is associated with reductions in age-related disease and later-life mortality. Black adults, particularly Black women, are less likely to achieve ideal CVH. Guided by intersectionality and life-course approaches, we examine to what degree (a) disparities in CVH exist at the intersection of race and gender and (b) CVH disparities would be reduced if marginalized groups had the same levels of resources and adversities as privileged groups. Methods We used biomarker subsamples from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) core and Refresher studies (N = 1,948). Causal decomposition analysis was implemented to test hypothetical interventions to equalize the distribution of early-life adversities (ELAs), perceived discrimination, or midlife SES between marginalized and privileged groups. We conducted sensitivity analyses to determine to what degree unmeasured confounders would invalidate our findings. Results White women have the highest CVH score, followed by White men, Black men, and Black women. Intervening on ELAs would reduce the disparities: White men vs. Black women (30% of reduction) and White women vs. Black women (15%). Intervening on perceived discrimination would not substantially change initial disparities. Intervening on midlife SES would yield large disparity reductions: White men vs. Black men (64%), White men vs. Black women (60%), and White women vs. Black women (27%). These reductions are robust to unmeasured confounders. Discussion Providing economic security in adulthood for Blacks may help reduce racial disparities in CVH. Preventing exposure to ELAs among Black women may reduce their vulnerability to cardiovascular disease, compared to White adults.

Factors Influencing Electrophysiologic Responsivity in Normal Adults

1965 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-347
Author(s):  
Robert Goldstein ◽  
Benjamin RosenblÜt
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
White Light ◽  
Pure Tone ◽  
Alpha Rhythm ◽  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Inverse Relation ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Electrodermal Responses ◽  
Normal Adults

Electrodermal and electroencephalic responsivity to sound and to light was studied in 96 normal-hearing adults in three separate sessions. The subjects were subdivided into equal groups of white men, white women, colored men, and colored women. A 1 000 cps pure tone was the conditioned stimulus in two sessions and white light was used in a third session. Heat was the unconditioned stimulus in all sessions. Previously, an inverse relation had been found in white men between the prominence of alpha rhythm in the EEG and the ease with which electrodermal responses could be elicited. This relation did not hold true for white women. The main purpose of the present study was to answer the following questions: (1) are the previous findings on white subjects applicable to colored subjects? (2) are subjects who are most (or least) responsive electrophysiologically on one day equally responsive (or unresponsive) on another day? and (3) are subjects who are most (or least) responsive to sound equally responsive (or unresponsive) to light? In general, each question was answered affirmatively. Other factors influencing responsivity were also studied.

Race Difference in Auditory Sensitivity

1964 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Shepherd ◽  
Robert Goldstein ◽  
Benjamin Rosenblüt
Keyword(s):  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Sensitivity Study ◽  
Auditory Sensitivity ◽  
Race Difference ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Auditory Thresholds ◽  
Békésy Audiometry ◽  
Method Of Adjustment ◽  
Better Than

Two separate studies investigated race and sex differences in normal auditory sensitivity. Study I measured thresholds at 500, 1000, and 2000 cps of 23 white men, 26 white women, 21 negro men, and 24 negro women using the method of limits. In Study II thresholds of 10 white men, 10 white women, 10 negro men, and 10 negro women were measured at 1000 cps using four different stimulus conditions and the method of adjustment by means of Bekesy audiometry. Results indicated that the white men and women in Study I heard significantly better than their negro counterparts at 1000 and 2000 cps. There were no significant differences between the average thresholds measured at 1000 cps of the white and negro men in Study II. White women produced better auditory thresholds with three stimulus conditions and significantly more sensitive thresholds with the slow pulsed stimulus than did the negro women in Study II.

Intersectional discrimination from black women, white women, black men, or white men impacts young adult black women’s affective states and risky health cognitions

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Abby G. Lieberman ◽  
Michelle L. Stock ◽  
Katarina E. AuBuchon ◽  
Janine B. Beekman ◽  
Sharon F. Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Black Men ◽  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Health Cognitions

LAW, RELIGION, AND THE POLITICIZATION OF SEXUAL CITIZENSHIP IN KENYA

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-129
Author(s):  
Damaris Seleina Parsitau
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Sexual Difference ◽  
Family Values ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Sexual Orientations ◽  
Before And After

AbstractIn Kenya, debates about sexual orientation have assumed center stage at several points in recent years, but particularly before and after the promulgation of the Constitution of Kenya in 2010. These debates have been fueled by religious clergy and by politicians who want to align themselves with religious organizations for respectability and legitimation, particularly by seeking to influence the nation's legal norms around sexuality. I argue that through their responses and attempts to influence legal norms, the religious and political leaders are not only responsible for the nonacceptance of same-sex relationships in Africa, but have also ensured that sexuality and embodiment have become a cultural and religious battleground. These same clergy and politicians seek to frame homosexuality as un-African, unacceptable, a threat to African moral and cultural sensibilities and sensitivities, and an affront to African moral and family values. Consequently, the perception is that homosexuals do not belong in Africa—that they cannot be entertained, accommodated, tolerated, or even understood. Ultimately, I argue that the politicization and religionization of same-sex relationships in Kenya, as elsewhere in Africa, has masked human rights debates and stifled serious academic and pragmatic engagements with important issues around sexual difference and sexual orientation while fueling negative attitudes toward people with different sexual orientations.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in 30-Day Re-Hospitalization Among Medicare Beneficiaries With Alzheimer’s and Dementia

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 697-697
Author(s):  
Andrea Gilmore-Bykovskyi
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
African American Men ◽  
White Men ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Medicare Beneficiaries ◽  
Index Hospitalization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Abstract Hospitalization is associated with accelerated cognitive decline for persons with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementia (ADRD), which disproportionately impacts women. Persons with ADRD are also at higher risk for 30-day rehospitalization, which may compound the impact of hospitalization-related exposures that precipitate decline. Evidence surrounding the intersections between gender and rehospitalization risk among diverse, representative populations with ADRD are lacking. This retrospective cohort study used a 100% national sample of Medicare beneficiaries with a diagnosis of ADRD and qualifying index hospitalization in 2014 (n= 1,033,144 unique beneficiaries and 1,672,238 unique stays). The primary outcome was rate of 30-day rehospitalization by gender and race. Within each racial group, men have higher rehospitalization rates than women: 2.6% higher among white men, 1.7% among African American men, and 2.6% higher among other racial/ethnic minorities. Findings highlight the importance of elucidating mechanisms underlying gender differences in hospital utilization and subsequent impact on cognitive decline.

scholarly journals Subjective View of Political Officers on Social Action: Phenomenology Study of Aksi Bela Islam (ABI) 212 (Action of Defending Islam) among Members of House of Representative of the Republic of Indonesia (DPR RI)

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Almuzzammil Yusuf ◽  
Ibnu Hammad ◽  
Arif Subhan
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Social Action ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Social Background ◽  
George Herbert ◽  
George Herbert Mead ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Subjective View ◽  
Enormous Number

It was on 2 December 2016 that the enormous number of Islamic mass was on a gigantic demonstration, known as Aksi Bela Islam (ABI) 212 (Action of Defending Islam), in Jakarta which further was subject to the controversy by many parties including politicians. This research aims at finding out how ABI 212 is viewed by the 2014-2019 House of Representative of The Republic of Indonesia (DPR RI).  The research employed the interpretation framework of George Herbert Mead which put the view on ABI 212 as a Phenomenon interpretation. In line with the Mead theory which believes that view is in a subjective territory, the research employed perception phenomenology method with a subjective paradigm through the qualitative data analysis technique from Miles and Huberman. It was found that each of the representatives has their view on ABI 212. It was subjective and relative from one to another based on their intellectual and social background. The variety of the views can be united into those who are pro-ABI 212 because of the religious partisanship which has been formed long before the ABI 212. In regard with the "multi-generalized other", The organization’s view tends to be independent because of some aspects of the party's attitudes such as the market orientation shifting and the strong Islamic idealism legacy from their previous Islamic organizations.

We stand in solidarity with you (if it helps our ingroup)

2022 ◽  
pp. 136843022110671
Author(s):  
Kimberly E. Chaney ◽  
Marley B. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
White Women ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
White Men ◽  
Women Studies ◽  
Lay Theory

Intraminority solidarity research has previously focused on how similarities in discrimination experiences can facilitate stigma-based solidarity. Yet, research on a lay theory of generalized prejudice has demonstrated that people tend to perceive attitudes towards stigmatized social groups as co-occurring. Integrating these lines of research, the present studies sought to examine if the extent to which prejudices are perceived to co-occur can facilitate stigma-based solidarity for marginalized social groups, and in turn promote interest in coalitional justice. Recruiting heterosexual Black Americans (Study 1), White women (Studies 2–3), and White men (Study 4), the present research demonstrates that perceiving prejudices as co-occurring increases stigma-based solidarity that in turn produces greater interest in coalitional justice efforts that include the ingroup. The present findings demonstrate the importance of focusing on beliefs about perpetrators’ attitudes when examining intraminority solidarity and highlight the limitations of a lay theory of generalized prejudice to fight prejudices broadly.

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