Chrono- and archaeostratigraphy and development of the River Amstel: results of the North/South underground line excavations, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

2015 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Kranendonk ◽  
S.J. Kluiving ◽  
S.R. Troelstra
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
The North ◽  
Land Drainage ◽  
Underground System ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The City

AbstractSince 2003 extensive archaeological research has been conducted in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, connected with the initial phase of the new underground system (Noord/Zuidlijn). Research has mainly focused on two locations, Damrak and Rokin, in the centre of Medieval Amsterdam. Both sites are situated around the (former) River Amstel, which is of vital importance for the origin and development of the city of Amsterdam. Information on the Holocene evolution of the river, however, is relatively sparse. This project has provided new evidence combining archaeological and geological data, and allowed the reconstruction of six consecutive landscape phases associated with the development of the River Amstel. The course of the present-day Amstel is the result of a complex interaction of processes that started with an early prehistoric tidal gully within the Wormer Member of the Naaldwijk Formation, including Late Neolithic (2400–2000 BC) occupation debris in its fill that was subsequently eroded. Next, this system developed into a later prehistoric Amstel river course that was part of the Angstel–Vecht–Oer-IJ system (1020–350 BC), meandering through a peat-dominated landscape. Later on the processes included intensive reclamation of land, drainage and canalisation, although the Amstel was also strongly influenced by natural storm tides. After intense land reclamation, starting around 1200 AD, the meandering Amstel from Nes to Kalverstraat, which was originally 150 m wide, became the rather straight 20–50 m wide tamed, canalised river of today.

New Evidence on the Origin of Breccias and Conglomerates in the Warwickshire Coalfield: The Mount Nod Boreholes, Coventry

1933 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 466-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Shotton
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
The North ◽  
North Side ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The City

During the last two years the Coventry City Corporation has put down three boreholes, for water supply purposes, near Mount Nod Farm, on the north side of Broad Lane, 2 miles 5 furlongs W. 6° N. of the centre of the city.

scholarly journals STABILITY PARAMETERS OF WESTERN SCHELDT ESTUARY

1984 ◽  
Vol 1 (19) ◽  
pp. 205 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. De Jong ◽  
F. Gerritsen
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Scheldt Estuary ◽  
Stability Parameters ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
The City

The Western Scheldt is a major estuary in the Southern part of The Netherlands and the Northern part of Belgium. It is an important navigational route connecting the city of Antwerp with the North Sea. At the entrance Vlissingen is a major Dutch port.

Across the Northe Sea: A Review

Antiquity ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 35 (137) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
J. V. S. Megaw
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
English Language ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
English Summary ◽  
Regional Study ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
Roman Archaeology ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
The North ◽  
Private Individual

Exactly three centuries ago last year, Johan Picardt, parson of Coevorder in Drenthe and Adviser for Land-Reclamation, wrote in a regional study worthy of comparison with his contemporary John Aubrey’s Monumenta Britannica: ‘Our fore-fathers had not pen, ink, nor paper, which had they possessed would have enabled us to learn of strange things. Howsomever, they have bequeathed us signs enough if only it were that we could read them.’ Each one of the three volumes from the second of which my quotation comes clearly shows the ways in which archaeological research in the Low Countries has vindicated Picardt’s statement. Today archaeology in the Netherlands is a matter of exemplary close-knit co-operation between State institutions, universities, local societies, and the private individual, while recently Belgium has taken important steps in the systemization of pre- and protohistoric studies.Although the Low Countries can hardly be regarded as a primary area of development, their coastal position at the north-western limit of the transcontinental routes has made them a cultural entrepôt of particular significance for the British archaeologist. In this context Professor De Laet’s book in the ‘Ancient Peoples and Places’ series is all the more welcome in that it is the first English summary of the pre-Roman archaeology of the region.De Voorgeschiedenis der Lage Landen is a much expanded and corrected version of De Laet’s volume, with Professor Glasbergen’s collaboration giving a more balanced account of the Dutch evidence. The third book, a double volume of Antiquity and Survival, offers a lavishly illustrated symposium of one hundred centuries of the Netherlands, and although the promised English language edition is not to be, the Trustees of the Prince Bernhard Foundation and the Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek are to be warmly thanked for giving their support to Honderd Eeuwen Nederland.

scholarly journals UNFORTIFIED SUBURBS OF OLD CHERNIHIV

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-130
Author(s):  
Yu. M. Sytyi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Growth ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Cultural Layer ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
City Development ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
New Research ◽  
The City

During its development Chernihiv underwent the several stages of formation: first the fortified parts was emerged, then the unfortified suburbs around them have appeared, which gradually grew in size and new defence lines were built. The process of urban growth has certain peculiarities and periods of its development. The events of 1239 became the boundary for the processes of city development. In this pёaper we will have a look at the directions of city growth on the territory of suburbs and beyond the fortifications of the city at the beginning of the 13th century. To a large extent, the understanding of Chernihiv suburbs depended on the time of revealing the sections of the cultural layer, their dating and location relative to the previously revealed sections of the suburb. The materials of archaeological research on the outskirts of Chernihiv are analyzed in the paper. The fortifications formed at the beginning of the 13th century covered 350 hectares of territory. According to the results of excavations the cultural layer of Kyiv Rus time was revealed outside the fortifications of Chernihiv. There are several sections of the cultural layer in the Desna River floodplain which should be considered as the traces of lower city development but not as separate rural settlements. Prior to the appearance of the fortifications, suburbs on the terrace of Desna were formed to the north, east and west of the fortifications of the surrounding city. Outside the suburbs, some items, cultural layer areas and numerous settlements were discovered. The paper makes an attempt to analyze the identified materials and to determine the boundaries of unfortified suburbs of Chernihiv. New research of the lower city of Chernihiv increased its area from 50 hectares (in 1984) to over 100 hectares (in 2019). In the middle of the 13th century Chernihiv occupied the area of more than 450 ha in total.

scholarly journals LAND RECLAMATION AND GROIN-BUILDING IN THE TIDAL PLATS

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Hele Focken Erchinger
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Tidal Flats ◽  
The Other ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea

Along the North Sea eoast of Germany there are two large areas where land reclamation work in the tidal flats is being carried out. One is on the coast of Schleswig- Holstem and the other in Ostfriesland, on the coast and along the estuary of the river Ems near the border with the Netherlands. Conditions and working methods for land reclamation in tidal flats as well as the development of new groin constructions on the Ostfriesian coast are described below.

THE FIRST AND SECOND FORTRESSES OF OMSK: RESEARCH AND PRESERVATION POSSIBILITIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 378-386
Author(s):  
KORUSENKO M. ◽  
◽  
GERASIMOV Yu. ◽  
ZDOR M. ◽  
ZAGORODNIKOVA D. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Cultural Layer ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Archival Record ◽  
Historical Center ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The City ◽  
Center Research

The present article summarizes research related to demarcating the first and second Omsk fortresses. Fortifications of these landmarks have long been destroyed, the cultural layer only and partially complexes of buildings of the late 18th - first half of the 19th centuries have been preserved, but they are at risk in connection with active modern urban development. Active archaeological research during the last ten years has yielded an expanded informational database and new evidence illuminating the use of the territory in antiquity and providing insight on the cultural layer of the fortresses. The authors of the present paper have ascertained and precised on the city map the borders of both sites, using stratigraphic research, historical cartography, and archival record. The conclusion provides insight on the main problems of conservation of the researched objects of cultural significance, and on perspectives of their museum commitment within the current framework of development of the historical center of Omsk. Keywords: Omsk, the first and second Omsk fortresses, archaeological sites, historical center, research, museum

De Zijpe en de Zuiderzee

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-125
Author(s):  
Guus J. Borger
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
The West ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Coastal Barrier ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
The City

Abstract The Zijpe and the Zuiderzee Dutch geologists and archaeologists disagree about the time the Flevo-lakes in the Wet Heart of the Netherlands were connected with the western part of the Waddenzee. Geologists hold the strong view that this connection originated in the centuries bc. Archaeological research revealed, however, that the pre-urban development of the city of Amsterdam did not start until the last quarter of the 12th century ad. This urban development has been considered as an indication that the shipping route between the mouth of the river Amstel and the Waddenzee had improved shortly before. Therefore, archaeologists are convinced that the improvement of this shipping route was forced by the All Saint’s flood of 1170. To the west of Schagen, the sea is considered to have broken up the coastal barrier which led to the development of the Zuiderzee. Because of the etymological relation between the names Flevo and Vlie, the Flevo-lakes must have been already connected with the Waddenzee in the Roman period. Near Medemblik, however, the water did not become brackish before the 8th century ad and more to the south not earlier than the 9th century. Therefore, drainage must have been the main function of the connection between the Flevo-lakes and the Waddenzee for centuries. From historical documents it is known that somewhere around Stavoren a large amount of land was lost to the sea in 1170. Together with the swift development of Amsterdam it is likely that the Zuiderzee came into being after 1170. A breakthrough of the coastal barrier to the west of Schagen at that time, however, is unlikely. In 1170 there was some damage in the northern part of the province of Holland caused by a storm surge, but the loss of land was limited due to the building of several dikes.

scholarly journals Archaeological heritage management in the Meuse valley (Limburg, the Netherlands) from a national perspective: aims, methods and results

2017 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eelco Rensink
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Heritage Management ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Scientific Policy ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Archaeological Heritage ◽  
The North ◽  
River Meuse ◽  
National Perspective ◽  
Archaeological Heritage Management

AbstractNumerous archaeological investigations have been performed along the river Meuse in the Netherlands’ southeastern province of Limburg as part of the major ‘Maaswerken’ infrastructural project. To improve flood risk management and navigability, and for the purpose of gravel production and nature development, several areas of land covering a total of almost 2000 ha are being excavated to a great depth. In anticipation of this, archaeological research was performed for the purposes of recording and documenting archaeological remains in the most important areas and locations. From 1998 to 2015 the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands (Amersfoort) was in charge of the investigations, and acted as adviser to national public works agency Rijkswaterstaat.The archaeological research connected with the Maaswerken project differed from regular, site-based investigations in terms of the landscape archaeology perspective on which it was based. The research themes and principles associated with this perspective were published in several documents, including a scientific policy plan published in 2004, and presented in further detail in area programmes and project briefs. The policy plan assigned each project area to one of five value assessment categories, based on the intactness of the landscape and the archaeological potential for addressing the research questions. In areas of high landscape intactness and great archaeological potential (category 1) the Agency selected zones to be surveyed and assessed, and for archaeological excavation. Though most of the fieldwork, including specialist analysis, was performed in these zones, other category project areas have also been the subject of archaeological fieldwork, including borehole surveys, site-oriented research and watching briefs, but on a more incidental basis. Observations were also made in the river Meuse itself and in the river's winter bed.The archaeological investigations resulted in a large number of standard reports of desk studies and fieldwork, including reports of specialist analyses. A considerable proportion of these refer to the large-scale investigations at Borgharen and Itteren to the north of Maastricht, and at Lomm and Well–Aijen to the north of Venlo. The results of the investigations suggest the archaeological record here is rich and varied, with a time depth of c. 11,500 years, and traces of occupation and land use ranging from the Early Mesolithic (Well–Aijen, Borgharen) to the Second World War (Lomm).This paper reflects on almost 20 years of archaeological research in the project areas of the Maaswerken and on the principles and methods used in the field research. The common thread is the results of landscape and archaeological studies and the relationship between them. Examples are used to illustrate results that can be regarded as important from a national perspective, and in terms of archaeological heritage management.

What happened in 1953? The Big Flood in the Netherlands in retrospect

2005 ◽  
Vol 363 (1831) ◽  
pp. 1271-1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herman Gerritsen
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Spring Tide ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
The North ◽  
Human Stress ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

During the weekend of Saturday 31 January to Sunday 1 February 1953, a storm tide raged across the northwest European shelf and flooded the low-lying coastal areas of the countries around the North Sea. The peak high waters occurred during the night and the storm surprised many people in their sleep. The resulting disaster in terms of loss of life and damage to infrastructure was enormous. In the Netherlands, 1836 people fell victim to the flood; in the UK and Belgium, the casualities were 307 and 22, respectively. The large number of fatalities in the Netherlands was related to the fact that much of the affected area is below sea-level. This paper focuses on the case of the Netherlands. It discusses the history of land reclamation, and the fact that living in low-lying areas protected by dykes, often below sea-level, is an accepted fact of life in the Netherlands. The historical approach to dyke maintenance is then outlined, and the state of the dykes in the early twentieth century and after the war is discussed. The characteristics of the storm and the flood are discussed, along with people's experiences of the first hours and days following the flood. The impact of this human stress has often been lasting—many survivors continue to live with daily memories of the flood. Attention is given to the large-scale rescue and relief efforts, the closure of the dykes during the following nine months and the concept of the Delta Plan, designed to prevent such a large-scale disaster ever happening again. Although the 1953 storm was indeed a low probability event leading to very high storm-induced water-levels, and occurred in combination with spring tide, several arguments are presented that explain why this flood turned into a disaster of such a large scale. Equally, the question is raised whether the disaster could have been prevented. The paper concludes by noting the importance of awareness and preparedness in order to prevent a future storm threat of this scale turning into a disaster of the scope of the Big Flood of 1953.

North Sea Archaeologies

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Van de Noort
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
The North ◽  
Coastal Landscapes ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Last Ice Age ◽  
The Uk

This innovative study offers an up-to-date analysis of the archaeology of the North Sea. Robert Van de Noort traces the way people engaged with the North Sea from the end of the last ice age, around 10,000 BC, to the close of the Middle Ages, about AD 1500. Van de Noort draws upon archaeological research from many countries, including the UK, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Belgium and France, and addresses topics which include the first interactions of people with the emerging North Sea, the origin and development of fishing, the creation of coastal landscapes, the importance of islands and archipelagos, the development of seafaring ships and their use by early seafarers and pirates, and the treatments of boats and ships at the end of their useful lives.

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