scholarly journals Introduction to the Groningen static reservoir model

2017 ◽  
Vol 96 (5) ◽  
pp. s39-s46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clemens A. Visser ◽  
Jose L. Solano Viota
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Reservoir Model ◽  
General Introduction ◽  
Reservoir Properties ◽  
Hazard And Risk ◽  
Modelling Techniques ◽  
The Subject ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Scientific Endeavour

AbstractThe assessment of the seismic hazard and risk associated with the extraction of gas from the Groningen field involves a chain of modelling efforts. The first step is a description of the 3D distribution of reservoir properties in the reservoir – the static reservoir model – and is the subject of this paper. Consecutive steps in the chain of models are described elsewhere in this volume. The construction of a static reservoir model is not strictly a scientific endeavour, but many of the applied modelling techniques are underpinned by extensive scientific research. This paper aims to give a general introduction to the approach followed by NAM to build static models for the Groningen field. More detailed accounts of the applied modelling techniques, the assessment of associated uncertainties or the usage of multiple modelling scenarios are beyond the scope of the current paper, but are referenced in the text.

Framework for a Ground-Motion Model for Induced Seismic Hazard and Risk Analysis in the Groningen Gas Field, The Netherlands

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 481-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian J. Bommer ◽  
Peter J. Stafford ◽  
Benjamin Edwards ◽  
Bernard Dost ◽  
Ewoud van Dedem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Ground Motion ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Epistemic Uncertainty ◽  
Induced Earthquakes ◽  
Gas Field ◽  
Small Magnitude ◽  
Ground Motion Model ◽  
Hazard And Risk ◽  
Groningen Gas Field

The potential for building damage and personal injury due to induced earthquakes in the Groningen gas field is being modeled in order to inform risk management decisions. To facilitate the quantitative estimation of the induced seismic hazard and risk, a ground motion prediction model has been developed for response spectral accelerations and duration due to these earthquakes that originate within the reservoir at 3 km depth. The model is consistent with the motions recorded from small-magnitude events and captures the epistemic uncertainty associated with extrapolation to larger magnitudes. In order to reflect the conditions in the field, the model first predicts accelerations at a rock horizon some 800 m below the surface and then convolves these motions with frequency-dependent nonlinear amplification factors assigned to zones across the study area. The variability of the ground motions is modeled in all of its constituent parts at the rock and surface levels.

Control Reversal Effects on Swept-Back Wings

1949 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-34
Author(s):  
Haydn Templeton
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Dynamic Condition ◽  
Loss Of Control ◽  
General Introduction ◽  
Mathematical Basis ◽  
Control Power ◽  
Physical Picture ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of

SummaryAileron reversal effects on swept-back wings in general and elevon reversal effects on tailless swept-back wings in particular are discussed on a non-mathematical basis, attention being confined to the orthodox flap type of control. The main purpose of the paper is to convey in the simplest terms possible a clear physical picture of the conditions producing loss of control power, emphasis being naturally laid upon the part played by structural wing distortion. Certain qualitative features relating to the two phenomena are also discussed. As a general introduction to the discussion on aileron reversal effects, the definition of “aileron power” in relation to the actual dynamic condition of rolling is described at some length. For elevon reversal effects on tailless aircraft the effect of wing flexibility on both “elevon power” and on trim in steady symmetric flight is considered. With the descriptive treatment adopted the analysis is of necessity broad and general but is designed to appeal to those not too familiar with the subject. The results of certain calculations on a hypothetical wing, which may be of interest, are included. A mathematical analysis for the quantitative estimation of both aileron and elevon reversal effects is given in the Appendix.

scholarly journals Reference determination for demonstrative pronouns

2007 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 39-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Bosch ◽  
Carla Umbach
Keyword(s):  
Structural Properties ◽  
Reading Time ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Relevant Parameter ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Demonstrative Pronouns ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Reference Determination

This paper discusses results from a corpus study of German demonstrative and personal pronouns and from a reading time experiment in which we compared the interpretation options of the two types of pronouns (Bosch et al. 2003, 2007). A careful review of exceptions to a generalisation we had been suggesting in those papers (the Subject Hypothesis: "Personal pronouns prefer subject antecedents and demonstratives prefer non-subject antecedents") shows that, although this generalisation correctly describes a tendency in the data, it is quite wrong in claiming that the grammatical role of antecedents is the relevant parameter. In the current paper we argue that the generalisation should be formulated in terms of in-formation-structural properties of referents rather than in terms of the grammatical role of antecedent expressions.  

Preliminary Investigation of Mesh Stability for Linear Systems

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pete Seiler ◽  
Aniruddha Pant ◽  
J. K. Hedrick
Keyword(s):  
Linear Systems ◽  
Mimo Systems ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
String Stability ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Simple Class ◽  
The Subject ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The One

Abstract Damping of disturbances as they propagate through a chain of interconnected systems, termed string stability, has been the subject of significant research. In this paper, we investigate mesh stability, which is the two-dimensional extension of string stability. We review the key results used for string stability analysis and then generalize the conditions for MIMO systems. These results are then applied to a simple class of linear systems which form a mesh in two-dimensions. It is shown (as in the one-dimensional case) that communicating the velocity and acceleration of the lead vehicle to all subsystems is sufficient for mesh stability. This result is then verified by simulation.

Assessment of Seismic Hazard and Risk in Emirate of Abu Dhabi

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Megahed ◽  
Z. Milutinovic ◽  
Y. Al Marzooqi ◽  
A. Megahed ◽  
H. Almulla
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Abu Dhabi ◽  
Hazard And Risk

I.—Contributions to the Palæontology of the Yorkshire Oolites

1882 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilfrid H. Hudleston
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
General Introduction ◽  
The Subject

It was stated in the general introduction to these Contributions (GEOL. MAG. June, 1880), that the divisions to be adopted would be regarded more as a matter of convenience than from any other point of view. It might, perhaps, seem more philosophical to have treated the whole of the Lower and Middle Oolites as one section of the subject quâ the Gasteropoda. By commencing at the base of the series the true sequence in time would have been followed, and the various “species” or their derivatives traced throughout. Had all the collections examined by me existed under one roof, this might have been practicable, as it would certainly have been desirable.

scholarly journals Seismic vulnerability and risk assessment of Kolkata City, India

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1103-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Nath ◽  
M. D. Adhikari ◽  
N. Devaraj ◽  
S. K. Maiti
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Model Building ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Free Zone ◽  
Building Typology ◽  
Hazard And Risk ◽  
Structural Risk ◽  
Risk Maps ◽  
The City

Abstract. The city of Kolkata is one of the most urbanized and densely populated regions in the world and a major industrial and commercial hub of the eastern and northeastern region of India. In order to classify the seismic risk zones of Kolkata we used seismic hazard exposures on the vulnerability components, namely land use/land cover, population density, building typology, age and height. We microzoned seismic hazard of the city by integrating seismological, geological and geotechnical themes in GIS, which in turn are integrated with the vulnerability components in a logic-tree framework for the estimation of both the socioeconomic and structural risk of the city. In both the risk maps, three broad zones have been demarcated as "severe", "high" and "moderate". There had also been a risk-free zone in the city that is termed as "low". The damage distribution in the city due to the 1934 Bihar–Nepal earthquake of Mw = 8.1 matches satisfactorily well with the demarcated risk regime. The design horizontal seismic coefficients for the city have been worked out for all the fundamental periods that indicate suitability for "A", "B" and "C" type of structures. The cumulative damage probabilities in terms of "none", "slight", "moderate", "extensive" and "complete" have also been assessed for the predominantly four model building types viz. RM2L, RM2M, URML and URMM for each seismic structural risk zone in the city. Both the seismic hazard and risk maps are expected to play vital roles in the earthquake-inflicted disaster mitigation and management of the city of Kolkata.

IMAGING ADDITIONAL OIL AND GAS RESERVES, INTEGRATING WELL PRODUCTION DATA AND 3D SEISMIC AVO CLASSIFICATION TO IMAGE REMAINING OIL AND GAS RESERVES—A CASE STUDY ON THE NGATORO FIELD, TARANAKI, NEW ZEALAND

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 679
Author(s):  
S. Reymond ◽  
E. Matthews ◽  
B. Sissons
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Seismic Facies ◽  
Bright Spot ◽  
Production Data ◽  
3D Seismic ◽  
Reservoir Model ◽  
Reservoir Properties ◽  
Well Production

This case study illustrates how 3D generalised inversion of seismic facies for reservoir parameters can be successfully applied to image and laterally predict reservoir parameters in laterally discontinuous turbiditic depositional environment where hydrocarbon pools are located in complex combined stratigraphic-structural traps. Such conditions mean that structural mapping is inadequate to define traps and to estimate reserves in place. Conventional seismic amplitude analysis has been used to aid definition but was not sufficient to guarantee presence of economic hydrocarbons in potential reservoir pools. The Ngatoro Field in Taranaki, New Zealand has been producing for nine years. Currently the field is producing 1,000 bopd from seven wells and at three surface locations down from a peak of over 1,500 bopd. The field production stations have been analysed using new techniques in 3D seismic imaging to locate bypassed oils and identify undrained pools. To define the objectives of the study, three questions were asked:Can we image reservoir pools in a complex stratigraphic and structural environment where conventional grid-based interpretation is not applicable due to lack of lateral continuity in reservoir properties?Can we distinguish fluids within each reservoir pools?Can we extrapolate reservoir parameters observed at drilled locations to the entire field using 3D seismic data to build a 3D reservoir model?Using new 3D seismic attributes such as bright spot indicators, attenuation and edge enhancing volumes coupled with 6 AVO (Amplitude Versus Offset) volumes integrated into a single class cube of reservoir properties, made the mapping of reservoir pools possible over the entire data set. In addition, four fluid types, as observed in more than 20 reservoir pools were validated by final inverted results to allow lateral prediction of fluid contents in un-drilled reservoir targets. Well production data and 3D seismic inverted volume were later integrated to build a 3D reservoir model to support updated volumetrics reserves computation and to define additional targets for exploration drilling, additional well planning and to define a water injection plan for pools already in production.

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