scholarly journals Seismic vulnerability and risk assessment of Kolkata City, India

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1103-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Nath ◽  
M. D. Adhikari ◽  
N. Devaraj ◽  
S. K. Maiti
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Model Building ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Free Zone ◽  
Building Typology ◽  
Hazard And Risk ◽  
Structural Risk ◽  
Risk Maps ◽  
The City

Abstract. The city of Kolkata is one of the most urbanized and densely populated regions in the world and a major industrial and commercial hub of the eastern and northeastern region of India. In order to classify the seismic risk zones of Kolkata we used seismic hazard exposures on the vulnerability components, namely land use/land cover, population density, building typology, age and height. We microzoned seismic hazard of the city by integrating seismological, geological and geotechnical themes in GIS, which in turn are integrated with the vulnerability components in a logic-tree framework for the estimation of both the socioeconomic and structural risk of the city. In both the risk maps, three broad zones have been demarcated as "severe", "high" and "moderate". There had also been a risk-free zone in the city that is termed as "low". The damage distribution in the city due to the 1934 Bihar–Nepal earthquake of Mw = 8.1 matches satisfactorily well with the demarcated risk regime. The design horizontal seismic coefficients for the city have been worked out for all the fundamental periods that indicate suitability for "A", "B" and "C" type of structures. The cumulative damage probabilities in terms of "none", "slight", "moderate", "extensive" and "complete" have also been assessed for the predominantly four model building types viz. RM2L, RM2M, URML and URMM for each seismic structural risk zone in the city. Both the seismic hazard and risk maps are expected to play vital roles in the earthquake-inflicted disaster mitigation and management of the city of Kolkata.

scholarly journals Seismic vulnerability and risk assessment of Kolkata City, India

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 3015-3063 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Nath ◽  
M. D. Adhikari ◽  
N. Devaraj ◽  
S. K. Maiti
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Model Building ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Free Zone ◽  
Building Typology ◽  
Hazard And Risk ◽  
Risk Maps ◽  
The City

Abstract. The city of Kolkata is one of the most urbanized and densely populated regions in the world, which is a major industrial and commercial hub of the Eastern and Northeastern region of India. In order to classify the seismic risk zones of Kolkata we used seismic hazard exposures on the vulnerability components namely, landuse/landcover, population density, building typology, age and height. We microzoned seismic hazard of the City by integrating seismological, geological and geotechnical themes in GIS which in turn is integrated with the vulnerability components in a logic-tree framework to estimate both the socio-economic and structural risk of the City. In both the risk maps, three broad zones have been demarcated as "severe", "high" and "moderate". There had also been a risk-free zone in the City. The damage distribution in the City due to the 1934 Bihar-Nepal Earthquake of Mw 8.1 well matches with the risk regime. The design horizontal seismic coefficients for the City have been worked out for all the predominant periods which indicate suitability of "A", "B" and "C" type of structures. The cumulative damage probabilities in terms of "slight", "moderate", "extensive" and "complete" have also been assessed for the significant four model building types viz. RM2L, RM2M, URML and URMM for each structural seismic risk zone in the City. Both the Seismic Hazard and Risk maps are expected to play vital roles in the earthquake inflicted disaster mitigation and management of the city of Kolkata.

Recent Seismic Microzoning Maps in Japan

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-209
Author(s):  
Saburoh Midorikawa ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Performance Appraisal ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Seismic Retrofitting ◽  
General View ◽  
Seismic Microzoning ◽  
Kobe Earthquake ◽  
Earthquake Research ◽  
Hazard And Risk

In Japan, seismic microzoning has been conducted as the basis for better disaster planning by governments. This paper introduces various seismic microzoning maps published by the central and local governments in Japan after the 1995 Kobe earthquake. Nation-wide seismic hazard maps are published by the Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion, to understand the general view of seismic hazard nationwide. Regional seismic microzoning maps are prepared by the Central Disaster Prevention Council for large subduction earthquakes and the Tokyo Metropolitan earthquake. Based on results of the microzonings, strategies are proposed for disaster mitigation of the earthquakes. Local governments prepare more detailed, smaller scale maps, e.g., the Yokohama shake map using a 50 m mesh system. After the publication of the map, the numbers of applicants for seismic performance appraisal service of wooden houses and for seismic retrofitting subsidies from the city increased significantly. This stimulated central and local governments, which started detailed mapping studies. Seismic microzoning maps are being used not only for governments but also for citizens. The maps should evolve both for more attractive presentation to deepen citizens' understanding and for more reliable and comprehensive estimates of seismic hazard and risk.

scholarly journals Combining recordings of earthquake ground-motion and ambient vibration analysis to estimate site response variability in the city of Lucerne, Switzerland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Janusz ◽  
Vincent Perron ◽  
Christoph Knellwolf ◽  
Walter Imperatori ◽  
Luis Fabian Bonilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Ground Motion ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Ambient Noise ◽  
Site Response ◽  
Spectral Ratio ◽  
Response Variability ◽  
Standard Spectral Ratio ◽  
Hazard And Risk ◽  
The City

<p>Estimation of site effects is an essential part of local seismic hazard and risk assessment, especially in densely populated urban areas. The goal of this study is to assess the site response variability in the city of Lucerne (Central Switzerland), located in a basin filled with unconsolidated deposits. Even though it is a low-to-moderate seismicity area, the long-term seismic risk cannot be neglected, in particular, because the region was struck by strong earthquakes in the past (i.e. Mw 5.9 in 1601).</p><p>To determine the spatial distribution of the soil response in the test area, we combined earthquake and ambient noise recordings using the Hybrid Standard Spectral Ratio method (SSRh) introduced by Perron et al. (2018). In the first step, we installed a temporary seismic network to record ground-motion from low-magnitude or distant earthquakes. At selected urban sites inside the sedimentary basin, the dataset was used to estimate the amplification factors with respect to a rock site using the Standard Spectral Ratio approach (SSR - Borcherdt, 1970). Then, a survey including several dozens of densely distributed single-station ambient noise measurements was performed which enabled us to estimate the basin response variability relative to the seismic stations of the temporary seismic network. Finally, we corrected the noise-based evaluation using the SSR amplification functions. To verify the useability of the presented technique in the Lucerne area, we applied the SSRh method also to the temporary stations, the resulting amplification functions largely coincide with the SSR curves. However, the daily variability of the noise wavefield due to human activities can slightly affect the results. We will also discuss the influence of the station distribution and density of the temporary network deployment.</p><p>The amplification model for the Lucerne area estimated using the SSRh method shows consistency with geological data. The results indicate that seismic waves can be amplified up to 10 times in some parts of the basin compared to the rock site. The highest amplification factors are observed for frequencies between 0.8 and 2Hz. This means a local significant increase in seismic hazard.</p><p>The presented work is a part of a detailed site response analysis study for the Lucerne area, considering 2D and 3D site effects and potential non-linear soil behaviour. This PhD project is performed in the framework of the Horizon 2020 ITN funded project URBASIS-EU, which focuses on seismic hazard and risk in urban areas.</p><p>REFERENCES</p><p>Borcherdt, R.D., 1970. Effects of local geology on ground motion near San Francisco Bay. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 60, 29–61.</p><p>Perron, V., Gélis, C., Froment, B., Hollender, F., Bard, P.-Y., Cultrera, G., Cushing, E.M., 2018. Can broad-band earthquake site responses be predicted by the ambient noise spectral ratio? Insight from observations at two sedimentary basins. Geophys. J. Int. 215, 1442–1454.</p>

Seismic Vulnerability Mapping of the Lhokseumawe Region to Support the Spatial Plan of Lhokseumawe City

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 3153-3159
Author(s):  
Deassy Siska ◽  
Herman Fithra ◽  
Nova Purnama Lisa ◽  
Bustami ◽  
Sofyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Vertical Component ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Eurasian Plate ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Hvsr Method ◽  
The City ◽  
Tectonic Pattern

Microtremor is a weak vibration on the surface of the earth that takes place continuously due to sources of vibration such as earthquakes, human activities, industry and traffic (Daryono, 2009). Microtremor data measured obtained 3 signals whose components are vertical (Up and Down), horizontal (North-South), and horizontal (East-West) components. After the signal is obtained it can then be analyzed using the HVSR method and the dominant frequency and amplification values are obtained. The HVSR method compares the spectrum ratio of the horizontal component microtremor signal to its vertical component (Nakamura, 1989). Lhokseumawe City is administratively included in the Province of Nangroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD). In 2004 there was an earthquake of magnitude 9.2 on the Richter Scale in the southern waters of the city of Banda Aceh, which caused a devastating Tsunami. In this event many people lost about 250 thousand lives and lost property that is not small in number (Logan, 2014) Due to the active regional tectonic pattern, the NAD region is a disaster-prone region. The tectonic area of NAD is strongly influenced by the subduction area between the Indian-Australian oceanic plate (Indian Australian Plate) against the European-Asian continental plate (Eurasian plate). The tectonic pattern greatly influences the geological conditions in the waters of the study area. The purpose of this research is to provide preliminary knowledge in the use of microtremors for mapping seismic microzonation. This microzonation mapping is needed for earthquake disaster mitigation purposes, microtremor data analysis can provide information on the value of a place that is very important for earthquake resistant building planning. Building structures that have the same value as the land value will experience resonance in the event of an earthquake. Then the last is the Seismic Vulnerability Index Mapping which is useful for predicting unconsolidated sediment zones at the ground surface when an earthquake occurs, so that further studies for earthquake prone areas can be carried out. The stages of the research method carried out are measuring field data which is divided into several measurement points in each district in the city of Lhokseumawe. At each measurement point, a three-component seismometer is installed to obtain the results of the soil’s vulnerability in the area. Each measurement data is observed for 30 minutes at each point. The results of this study are the existence of areas that are very susceptible to seismic namely Ujung blang and Banda Sakti villages with seismic vulnerability index values (Kg) ranging from 0 cm/s2 -30542.32 cm/s2 The highest value is located at Ujong Blang villages which is 10397.1 cm/s2 This is closely related to the total amount of damage to buildings in Lhokseumawe City due to the 2004 earthquake.

scholarly journals Earthquake scenario in West Bengal with emphasis on seismic hazard microzonation of the city of Kolkata, India

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2549-2575 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Nath ◽  
M. D. Adhikari ◽  
S. K. Maiti ◽  
N. Devaraj ◽  
N. Srivastava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Ground Motion ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard ◽  
Liquefaction Potential ◽  
Liquefaction Potential Index ◽  
Potential Index ◽  
The City

Abstract. Seismic microzonation is a process of estimating site-specific effects due to an earthquake on urban centers for its disaster mitigation and management. The state of West Bengal, located in the western foreland of the Assam–Arakan Orogenic Belt, the Himalayan foothills and Surma Valley, has been struck by several devastating earthquakes in the past, indicating the need for a seismotectonic review of the province, especially in light of probable seismic threat to its capital city of Kolkata, which is a major industrial and commercial hub in the eastern and northeastern region of India. A synoptic probabilistic seismic hazard model of Kolkata is initially generated at engineering bedrock (Vs30 ~ 760 m s−1) considering 33 polygonal seismogenic sources at two hypocentral depth ranges, 0–25 and 25–70 km; 158 tectonic sources; appropriate seismicity modeling; 14 ground motion prediction equations for three seismotectonic provinces, viz. the east-central Himalaya, the Bengal Basin and Northeast India selected through suitability testing; and appropriate weighting in a logic tree framework. Site classification of Kolkata performed following in-depth geophysical and geotechnical investigations places the city in D1, D2, D3 and E classes. Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment at a surface-consistent level – i.e., the local seismic hazard related to site amplification performed by propagating the bedrock ground motion with 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years through a 1-D sediment column using an equivalent linear analysis – predicts a peak ground acceleration (PGA) range from 0.176 to 0.253 g in the city. A deterministic liquefaction scenario in terms of spatial distribution of liquefaction potential index corresponding to surface PGA distribution places 50% of the city in the possible liquefiable zone. A multicriteria seismic hazard microzonation framework is proposed for judicious integration of multiple themes, namely PGA at the surface, liquefaction potential index, NEHRP soil site class, sediment class, geomorphology and ground water table in a fuzzy protocol in the geographical information system by adopting an analytical hierarchal process. The resulting high-resolution surface consistent hazard, liquefaction and microzonation maps are expected to play vital roles in earthquake-related disaster mitigation and management of the city of Kolkata.

scholarly journals Integrated economic and environmental building classification and optimal seismic vulnerability/energy efficiency retrofitting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Caruso ◽  
Rui Pinho ◽  
Federica Bianchi ◽  
Francesco Cavalieri ◽  
Maria Teresa Lemmo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Operational Energy

AbstractA life cycle framework for a new integrated classification system for buildings and the identification of renovation strategies that lead to an optimal balance between reduction of seismic vulnerability and increase of energy efficiency, considering both economic losses and environmental impacts, is discussed through a parametric application to an exemplificative case-study building. Such framework accounts for the economic and environmental contributions of initial construction, operational energy consumption, earthquake-induced damage repair activities, retrofitting interventions, and demolition. One-off and annual monetary expenses and environmental impacts through the building life cycle are suggested as meaningful performance metrics to develop an integrated classification system for buildings and to identify the optimal renovation strategy leading to a combined reduction of economic and environmental impacts, depending on the climatic conditions and the seismic hazard at the site of interest. The illustrative application of the framework to an existing school building is then carried out, investigating alternative retrofitting solutions, including either sole structural retrofitting options or sole energy refurbishments, as well as integrated strategies that target both objectives, with a view to demonstrate its practicality and to explore its ensuing results. The influence of seismic hazard and climatic conditions is quantitatively investigated, by assuming the building to be located into different geographic locations.

System-wide seismic vulnerability of aging multiple-span multiple-girder bridges in low-to-moderate seismic hazard regions

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1626-1651
Author(s):  
John E Lens M.EERI ◽  
Mandar M Dewoolkar ◽  
Eric M Hernandez M.EERI
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Time History ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Database ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Girder Bridges ◽  
The Status

This article describes the approach, methods, and findings of a quantitative analysis of the seismic vulnerability in low-to-moderate seismic hazard regions of the Central and Eastern United States for system-wide assessment of typical multiple span bridges built in the 1950s through the 1960s. There is no national database on the status of seismic vulnerability of bridges, and thus no means to estimate the system-wide damage and retrofit costs for bridges. The study involved 380 nonlinear analyses using actual time-history records matched to four representative low-to-medium hazard target spectra corresponding with peak ground accelerations from approximately 0.06 to 0.3 g. Ground motions were obtained from soft and stiff site seismic classification locations and applied to models of four typical multiple-girder with concrete bent bridges. Multiple-girder bridges are the largest single category, comprising 55% of all multiple span bridges in the United States. Aging and deterioration effects were accounted for using reduced cross-sections representing fully spalled conditions and compared with pristine condition results. The research results indicate that there is an overall low likelihood of significant seismic damage to these typical bridges in such regions, with the caveat that certain bridge features such as more extensive deterioration, large skews, and varied bent heights require bridge-specific analysis. The analysis also excludes potential damage resulting from liquefaction, flow-spreading, or abutment slumping due to weak foundation or abutment soils.

Framework for a Ground-Motion Model for Induced Seismic Hazard and Risk Analysis in the Groningen Gas Field, The Netherlands

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 481-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian J. Bommer ◽  
Peter J. Stafford ◽  
Benjamin Edwards ◽  
Bernard Dost ◽  
Ewoud van Dedem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Ground Motion ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Epistemic Uncertainty ◽  
Induced Earthquakes ◽  
Gas Field ◽  
Small Magnitude ◽  
Ground Motion Model ◽  
Hazard And Risk ◽  
Groningen Gas Field

The potential for building damage and personal injury due to induced earthquakes in the Groningen gas field is being modeled in order to inform risk management decisions. To facilitate the quantitative estimation of the induced seismic hazard and risk, a ground motion prediction model has been developed for response spectral accelerations and duration due to these earthquakes that originate within the reservoir at 3 km depth. The model is consistent with the motions recorded from small-magnitude events and captures the epistemic uncertainty associated with extrapolation to larger magnitudes. In order to reflect the conditions in the field, the model first predicts accelerations at a rock horizon some 800 m below the surface and then convolves these motions with frequency-dependent nonlinear amplification factors assigned to zones across the study area. The variability of the ground motions is modeled in all of its constituent parts at the rock and surface levels.

scholarly journals Earthquake Resistant Residential Neighborhood in China: Examination of vulnerability in outdoor spaces

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. 59-69
Author(s):  
Xue Ma ◽  
Ryuzo Ohno
Keyword(s):  
Publishing House ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Earthquake Disaster ◽  
Residential Neighborhood ◽  
Outdoor Spaces ◽  
Earthquake Resistant ◽  
International Publishing ◽  
The City ◽  
Open Access Article

China is a seismic active country. We suffered a large number of fatalities by earthquake damage. A great deal of requirements on disaster mitigation has been putting forward and which is becoming a hot topic in the society. This paper focuses on the safety situation of residential environment in Chinese cities, tries to examine the vulnerabilities for earthquake disaster mitigation. We chose the city of Tianjin as target area applying for the detail analysis. An evaluation was interpreted into suggestions and advices on planning and management. Keywords: Vulnerability, Earthquake disaster mitigation, Residential area eISSN 2514-751X © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.

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