Publication Biases in Replication Studies

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Adam J. Berinsky ◽  
James N. Druckman ◽  
Teppei Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Publication Bias ◽  
The United States ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Replication Studies ◽  
Vignette Experiment ◽  
Future Work ◽  
File Drawer ◽  
Study Bias

Abstract One of the strongest findings across the sciences is that publication bias occurs. Of particular note is a “file drawer bias” where statistically significant results are privileged over nonsignificant results. Recognition of this bias, along with increased calls for “open science,” has led to an emphasis on replication studies. Yet, few have explored publication bias and its consequences in replication studies. We offer a model of the publication process involving an initial study and a replication. We use the model to describe three types of publication biases: (1) file drawer bias, (2) a “repeat study” bias against the publication of replication studies, and (3) a “gotcha bias” where replication results that run contrary to a prior study are more likely to be published. We estimate the model’s parameters with a vignette experiment conducted with political science professors teaching at Ph.D. granting institutions in the United States. We find evidence of all three types of bias, although those explicitly involving replication studies are notably smaller. This bodes well for the replication movement. That said, the aggregation of all of the biases increases the number of false positives in a literature. We conclude by discussing a path for future work on publication biases.

scholarly journals A Case Series: Describing the Coronavirus Pandemic Response in Small Naval OCONUS Military Treatment Facilities

2021 ◽  
Vol 186 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
Emily R Latimer ◽  
Christopher A Parker ◽  
Pauline A Swiger
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Case Series ◽  
The United States ◽  
Staff Protection ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Pandemic Response ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Military Treatment Facilities ◽  
Communication Methods ◽  
Prolonged Stress

ABSTRACT Introduction The European SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) outbreak threatened military beneficiaries receiving care outside of the United States. Military treatment facilities located outside the United States were the first to respond to the pandemic, requiring immediate action to establish novel protocols. The purpose of this case series is to describe challenges, solutions, and future recommendations during a pandemic response at three small naval military treatment facilities located outside the continental United States (OCONUS). Results The analysis and discussion reviews challenges in information processing, communication methods and patterns, process changes, actions for staff protection, and change fatigue experienced during this time. Conclusions Recommendations for future work include filling the gaps in the evidence for a prolonged pandemic response and crisis management, such as the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, including best practices to communicate, maintain staff resilience, and manage or mitigate associated prolonged stress and uncertainty.

scholarly journals Analyzing academic mobility of U.S. professors based on ORCID data and the Carnegie Classification

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 1451-1467
Author(s):  
Erija Yan ◽  
Yongjun Zhu ◽  
Jiangen He
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Science Data ◽  
Academic Mobility ◽  
Carnegie Classification ◽  
Research Intensity ◽  
Rural Institutions ◽  
Urban Institutions

This paper uses two open science data sources—ORCID and the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education (CCIHE)—to identify tenure-track and tenured professors in the United States who have changed academic affiliations. Through a series of data cleaning and processing actions, 5,938 professors met the selection criteria of professorship and mobility. Using ORCID professor profiles and the Carnegie Classification, this paper reveals patterns of academic mobility in the United States from the aspects of institution types, locations, regions, funding mechanisms of institutions, and professors’ genders. We find that professors tended to move to institutions with higher research intensity, such as those with an R1 or R2 designation in the Carnegie Classification. They also tend to move from rural institutions to urban institutions. Additionally, this paper finds that female professors are more likely to move within the same geographic region than male professors and that when they move from a less research-intensive institution to a more research-intensive one, female professors are less likely to retain their rank or attain promotion.

scholarly journals How Public Managers Make Tradeoffs Regarding Lives: Evidence From a Flood Planning Survey Experiment

2020 ◽  
pp. 009539972094481
Author(s):  
Patrick S. Roberts ◽  
Lucia Velotti ◽  
Kris Wernstedt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
City Managers ◽  
Public Managers ◽  
Flood Planning ◽  
Vignette Experiment

Public managers make decisions that may directly or indirectly affect the loss of human life, but there are few empirical analyses of whether and how public managers make tradeoffs among lives and other goods. We survey local government managers in the United States about tradeoffs using a vignette experiment with hypothetical flood scenarios. We find that managers make tradeoffs regarding lives saved compared with other features of the scenario, including project cost and property damage. Public works managers show a greater aversion to fatalities, while city managers and planners appear less averse. Our study also finds evidence of an equity preference.

Maritime History at the Crossroads

1995 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
The United States ◽  
Maritime History ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Future Work

This volume seeks to critically review the contemporary state of maritime historiography, as it stands at the volume’s publication date of 1995. The volume is comprised of thirteen essays, each focused on the recent research into the maritime concerns of a particular geographical location, listed as follows: Australia; Canada; China; Denmark; Germany; Greece; Ibero-America; India; the Netherlands; the Ottoman Empire; Spain; the United States; and a final chapter concerning historians and maritime labour in Britain, Australia, and New Zealand. One concern made evident by the collection is the lack of stable identity and cohesive aims within maritime history, the subject holds many conflicting definitions and concepts. The purpose of this volume is to explore the recent developments in maritime history, plus the growth of scholarly interest, to provide a ‘beacon and stimulus for future work’ and to clearly direct and define maritime historiography toward a solid position in the field of history.

Race, Structural Predictors, and Police Shootings: Are There Differences Across Official and “Unofficial” Accounts of Lethal Force?

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew C. Gray ◽  
Karen F. Parker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
The United States ◽  
Police Violence ◽  
Lethal Force ◽  
Police Shootings ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Official Records ◽  
Official Data

Police shootings have received considerable attention recently. While official data have often been used to capture police use of lethal force, “unofficial” databases have been developed to document lethal force patterns throughout the United States. Thus, it is now possible to systematically compare databases, exploring racial differences and potential causes, which is important given longstanding criticisms of official records. Here, we examine police shootings using Mapping Police Violence and Supplemental Homicide Reports data and investigate the impact of commonly used structural predictors on race-specific police shootings. Significant differences are revealed across official and unofficial databases, particularly by race. We conclude that the data used to estimate police shootings matter, which has key implications for future work on this important topic.

Embedded Foundations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Allen-Meares
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Community Building ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Initiatives ◽  
Community Assets ◽  
Comprehensive Community Initiatives ◽  
Embedded Foundation ◽  
Embedded Foundations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Future Work

A growing subset of hometown and place-based foundations in the United States have adopted an embedded philanthropic approach, in which funders “dig in” and “dig deeper” into the life of communities. Embedded philanthropy and embedded funders may change the landscape of community-building efforts in significant ways. This article discusses the history of U.S. foundations, their involvement in community development, and the emergence of comprehensive community initiatives. This entry also describes the distinction between embedded funding approaches and other conventional efforts. These include the use of a “bottom up” approach to social change, a focus on helping communities to build capacity, and the building of community assets. Case studies of select embedded foundation efforts will be presented to illustrate current methods, challenges, and implications for future work. This entry will also discuss a few of the new roles foundations play in order to achieve their objectives. As this approach continues to evolve and more evaluations take place, greater understanding will develop regarding the way forward for foundations in the United States.

Some concepts for range assessment in Australia.

1976 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 60 ◽  
Author(s):  
GM Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Assessment Methods ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Range Management ◽  
Teaching And Research ◽  
Firm Basis ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Basic Prerequisite

From recent discussions with rangeland administrators in the arid parts of the United States of America it is apparent that current Australian thinking on the philosophy of range assessment is very close to that in the United States. Formal range assessment and management in Australia is a very young science compared to that in the United States. Although we lack the 50 or so years' experience of organized range management teaching and research the true gap is much less. In the field of range inventory, it appeared that Australian expertise and progress was at least equal to that in the United States. As range inventory is a basic prerequisite to range assessment and application of management manipulations on rangelands, Australia already has a firm basis for future work in this field. Some concepts on range assessment are outlined and an approach to range assessment is suggested. It is to be hoped that one general approach to range assessment can be adopted in Australia and that we can avoid the problems which occur in the United States when different Government agencies use different assessment methods.

Elder Mistreatment

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 369-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
TERRY FULMER
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Elder Abuse ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Nursing Research ◽  
Elder Mistreatment ◽  
Replication Studies ◽  
New Research

Elder mistreatment (EM) is a serious and prevalent syndrome that is estimated to affect between 500,000 to 1.2 million older adults in the United States annually (Pillemer & Finkelhor, 1988). This chapter reviews both the state of the published science and limitations in the knowledge base on the topic. The literature for this review was obtained through computer-assisted searches of PubMed (878 citations), the Cumulative Index of Nursing Research (CINAHL) (593 citations) and Psych-Info databases (443 citations). The search terms used were elder mistreatment, elder neglect, elder abuse, or domestic abuse of the elderly. No limit was placed on the age of publications because of the relative scarcity of research on the subject. Nonnursing articles were included because there are so few nurse researchers addressing this topic. The age limit for subjects in these studies was 65 years and older. Studies were limited to those conducted in the United States, and descriptive studies were included as they form the majority of the research to date. Findings indicate that frail, very old (over 75 years), older adults who have a diagnosis of depression or dementia are more likely to be mistreated (Dyer, Pavlik, Murphy, & Hyman, 2000; Coyne, Reichman, & Berbig, 1993; Fulmer & Gurland, 1996; Lachs & Pillemer, 1995; Lachs et al., 1997; Lachs, Williams, O’Brien, Pillemer, & Charlson, 1998; Lachs & Fulmer, 1993; Lachs, Berkman, Fulmer, & Horwitz, 1994). Those older adults who required assistance with activities of daily living had poor social networks and were at higher risk for EM (Lachs & Pillemer, 1995; Lachs et al., 1997; Lachs et al., 1998; Lachs & Fulmer, 1993; Lachs et al., 1994). Neglect, as a subcategory of EM, accounts for the majority of cases (Fulmer, Paveza, Abraham, & Fairchild, 2000; Pavlik, Hyman, Festa, & Bitondo Dyer, 2001; Fulmer & Gurland, 1996). There is still debate regarding the role of minority status, abuse in childhood, and the persons most likely to mistreat older adults. There is a critical need for replication studies and new research on this important topic. Problems with measurement, funding challenges, and the paucity of investigators conducting research on EM have left the field with several unanswered questions and some conflicting findings. This chapter summarizes the interdisciplinary literature and makes recommendations for future nursing research programs.

scholarly journals On Estimating the Number of Deaths Related to Covid-19

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoang Pham
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Total Death ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Population Mortality ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Death Data ◽  
The U.S

In this paper, we discuss an explicit model function that can estimate the total number of deaths in the population, and particularly, estimate the cumulative number of deaths in the United States due to the current Covid-19 virus. We compare the modeling results to two related existing models based on a new criteria and several existing criteria for model selection. The results show the proposed model fits significantly better than the other two related models based on the U.S. Covid-19 death data. We observe that the errors of the fitted data and the predicted data points on the total number of deaths in the U.S. on the last available data point and the next coming day are less than 0.5% and 2.0%, respectively. The results show very encouraging predictability for the model. The new model predicts that the maximum total number of deaths will be approximately 62,100 across the United States due to the Covid-19 virus, and with a 95% confidence that the expected total death toll will be between 60,951 and 63,249 deaths based on the data until 22 April, 2020. If there is a significant change in the coming days due to various testing strategies, social-distancing policies, the reopening of community strategies, or a stay-home policy, the predicted death tolls will definitely change. Future work can be explored further to apply the proposed model to global Covid-19 death data and to other applications, including human population mortality, the spread of disease, and different topics such as movie reviews in recommender systems.

scholarly journals A dasymetric method to apportion tornado casualty counts spatially

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler Fricker ◽  
James Elsner ◽  
Victor Mesev ◽  
Thomas H. Jagger
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
The United States ◽  
Stock Value ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Grid Level ◽  
Broad Spatial Scale ◽  
The U.S

This paper describes a dasymetric technique to spatially apportion casualty counts from tornado events in the U.S. Storm Prediction Center's database. Apportionment is performed with respect to the proportion of damage path area and to the underlying population density. The method is illustrated with raster grids on tornadoes occurring between 1955 and 2015 within the most tornado-prone region of the United States. Validation of the results using county- and grid-level data reveals strong correlation between dasymetric estimated and location-specific counts. On a broad spatial scale the method provides a better estimate of where casualties have occurred than counting the number of casualty-producing tornadoes. Case studies using the 1974 Xenia, OH and the 1994 Piedmont, AL tornadoes highlight limitations of the method and indicate that results will be improved with more precise tornado path information. Future work that includes socioeconomic variables (demographics, ethnicity, poverty and housing stock/value) might allow populations to be profiled with regards to vulnerability.

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