Political Divisions and Socio-Economic Disparities in Poland: A Geographical Approach

This article attempts to identify the relationship between the persistent polarisation of political opinions and diverse levels of social and economic development. The coexistence of these phenomena may indicate a barrier to inclusive economic development, which connects with the United Nations Agenda for Sustainable Development. A research aim was to test two hypotheses: Hypothesis 1 (H1)—The increase in the spatial disparity of political support in Poland is persistent; and Hypothesis 2 (H2)—The spatial distribution of support for specific political options shows significant correlations with the distribution of social and economic growth. The study involves the following research methods implementation: desk research, intensity indicators and regression analysis. The results confirmed the persistence of spatial divisions in political support, whose distribution reflects to a large extent the diverse levels of social and economic development that exist. Two axes dividing Poland are identified, one between west and east and the other between urban and rural areas. The article connects with the international debate regarding “places that don’t matter” and the reasons behind the growing popularity of populist ideas in society.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH INTENSITY OF OSCILLATIONS AGRICULTURAL MACHINE-TRACTOR UNITS

Smoothness of movement of agricultural units is one of the important operational indicators of their work which is estimated on influence of fluctuations (translational vertical, cross, angular longitudinal, etc.) The article presents the method and results of experimental assessment of the smoothness of the movement of the bridge agricultural unit, which moves in the footsteps of a constant technological track. Studies of the smoothness of the bridge unit showed that the graphs of normalized correlation functions of vertical oscillations of the bridge agricultural tool developed by us in its motion in the wake of a constant technological track is characterized by a function containing along with random components harmonic, which are expressed by attenuating periodic oscillations. The frequency spectrum of oscillations of the agricultural tool core is concentrated in the range from 0 to 20 s–1, which agrees with the frequency range 0…0.3 cm−1 in which the variances of oscillations of the irregularities of the profile of the traces of the technological track are concentrated. The length of the correlation connection is approximately 0.25 s, which is equal to 0.25 m at the speed of the agricultural tool within 1.0 m / s.The obtained result is explained by the fact that the main spectrum of oscillations of the profile irregularities has a periodicity that corresponds to the step of ground engagement of the tires of the wheels of the agricultural tool. The research confirmed the effectiveness of the method of estimating the intensity of vertical oscillations of an agricultural unit by a measuring and registration complex based on a tablet computer with Android operating system with built-in accelerometer sensors and Accelerometer Meter application.

The Influence of Taiwan Electronic Production Company's Proprietary Data Products on the Interaction of Company Effectiveness

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the unique interaction of companies in Taiwan from 1998 to 2017 and the influence of the degree of international industry on the effectiveness of the company. Approach/Methodology/Design: We used time series methods to investigate and research. This study only has a significant impact on the upstream industry of the electronics industry, and there is no significant development in the middle and lower reaches of the industry. This is a very strange situation in Taiwan. Findings: At the same time, the interaction of the three attributes of the midstream computer industry can also produce the multiplication effect. In this study, it has been found that the degree of international internationalization has a higher impact on the effectiveness of companies, but no matter how high it is, it seems that increasing the degree of international internationalization at about 10% or 50% and more than 80% of the international level can produce and increase the effectiveness of the company. Practical Implications: This is a very strange situation in Taiwan. However, because the research strength has the effect of prolonging the effect, it may not play a significant role in the middle and lower reaches of the research and development of the product extension effect, so that the research intensity does not play a significant role in the first year of the development of the Taiwan electronics industry. Originality/value: Our value is mainly to solve the problems of internationalization and performance of Taiwanese electronics industry companies.

Measuring the Occupational Impact of AI: Tasks, Cognitive Abilities and AI Benchmarks

In this paper we develop a framework for analysing the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on occupations. This framework maps 59 generic tasks from worker surveys and an occupational database to 14 cognitive abilities (that we extract from the cognitive science literature) and these to a comprehensive list of 328 AI benchmarks used to evaluate research intensity across a broad range of different AI areas. The use of cognitive abilities as an intermediate layer, instead of mapping work tasks to AI benchmarks directly, allows for an identification of potential AI exposure for tasks for which AI applications have not been explicitly created. An application of our framework to occupational databases gives insights into the abilities through which AI is most likely to affect jobs and allows for a ranking of occupations with respect to AI exposure. Moreover, we show that some jobs that were not known to be affected by previous waves of automation may now be subject to higher AI exposure. Finally, we find that some of the abilities where AI research is currently very intense are linked to tasks with comparatively limited labour input in the labour markets of advanced economies (e.g., visual and auditory processing using deep learning, and sensorimotor interaction through (deep) reinforcement learning). This article appears in the special track on AI and Society.

Exploring firm-level innovation and productivity in India

Purpose This paper aims to analyse the impact of innovation on the productivity of firms in India using the data from the World Enterprise Survey. This paper first classifies three different types of innovation measures then further analyses their relation with the productivity of the firms. Design/methodology/approach The methodology used for this study has incorporated the structural Crépon-Douget-Mairesse (CDM) model wherein productivity is measured using both the innovation inputs and the innovation outputs. Three main equations have been used to quantify this relation includes the knowledge intensity function, innovation function and the productivity equation. Findings Findings indicate that decision to invest in research and development (R&D) is influenced negatively by financial obstacles and trade obstacles and positively influenced by telecommunication obstacles, government obstacles and the size of the firm in India. Similarly, financial obstacles and the size of the firm are affecting the firm’s research expenditure per employee. Also, financial obstacles seem to hinder the research intensity and larger firms seem to have higher research intensity. The size of the firm contributes significantly to product innovation. However, R&D spending seems to be negatively related to the innovation outcome. The findings relating to productivity shows neither product nor process innovation outputs, independently are not contributing significantly to the productivity of firms. However, product and process innovation, together serve as innovation outputs is a significant contributor to firm productivity. On the other hand, organisational innovation contributes significantly to the productivity of the firms in a negative manner. Originality/value The findings relating to productivity shows neither product nor process innovation outputs, independently are not contributing significantly to the productivity of firms (which has been measured by sales per worker is impacted by the capital and the labour inputs). However, product and process innovation, together serve as innovation outputs is a significant contributor to firm productivity. On the other hand, organisational innovation contributes significantly to the productivity of the firms in a negative manner. The reason could be due to the fact that the definition of organisational innovation incorporates both dissolutions and mergers.

Women in Academic Economics: Have We Made Progress?

This study uses data from Academic Analytics to examine gender differences in promotion to associate professor in economics. We found that women in economics were 15 percent less likely to be promoted to associate professor after controlling for cumulative publications, citations, grants, and grant dollars. In contrast, we found no significant gender differences in promotion in other fields including biomedical science, physical science, political science, mathematics and statistics, and engineering. We separated the sample by the research intensity of institutions and found suggestive evidence that these results were being driven by less research-intensive institutions.

CULTURAL DIVERSITY MANAGEMENT MODELS AND ORGANIZATIONAL INNOVATIVENESS

Many researchers agree, that cultural diversity has positive influence on an organization – encouraging creativity, adaptivity, problem solving, knowledge transfer, creating conditions for innovative ideas and perspectives, however it also increases probability of conflicts, loss of trust as well as other challenges. Therefore, Ikegami et al (2017) equates cultural diversity to Schrödinger‘s cat – a dual state of existence, at the same time it is an asset to an organization and a challenge. Cultural diversity is currently receiving increasing research intensity. There have been various studies conducted analysing opportunities created by cultural diversity on various levels. Also, widely analysed are cultural diversity influences on organization and relation between cultural diversity and innovation. However, there is a lack of research that focus on “how to manage” cultural diversity to achieve innovativeness or innovation. This is due to cultural diversity on its own not being able to guarantee these outcomes. The aim is to investigate how to enable innovativeness in an organisation while managing cultural diversity. Firstly, cultural diversity management and relation to organizational innovation are discussed; secondly, the cultural diversity management models are analysed. Comparative analysis and synthesis of scientific literature were used to conduct the research.

Research status of microwave-assisted reduction technology of pyrolusite

: Manganese ore is an important metallurgical raw material that holds an important strategic position in the national economy of China. However, the grade of manganese ore in the country is mostly low, and the utilization efficiency of lowgrade manganese ore resources is low, which seriously restrict the healthy and stable development of China’s metallurgical industry. As a new green heating method, microwave is expected to address the problems of conventional methods and realize the effective utilization of low-grade manganese ore. In this paper, the research status of the microwave composite reduction of pyrolusite in recent years is reviewed. Microwave plays an important role in metallurgy, and it is the current direction pursued to improve the research intensity of microwave heating and extend it to actual industrial processes.

Analyzing academic mobility of U.S. professors based on ORCID data and the Carnegie Classification

This paper uses two open science data sources—ORCID and the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education (CCIHE)—to identify tenure-track and tenured professors in the United States who have changed academic affiliations. Through a series of data cleaning and processing actions, 5,938 professors met the selection criteria of professorship and mobility. Using ORCID professor profiles and the Carnegie Classification, this paper reveals patterns of academic mobility in the United States from the aspects of institution types, locations, regions, funding mechanisms of institutions, and professors’ genders. We find that professors tended to move to institutions with higher research intensity, such as those with an R1 or R2 designation in the Carnegie Classification. They also tend to move from rural institutions to urban institutions. Additionally, this paper finds that female professors are more likely to move within the same geographic region than male professors and that when they move from a less research-intensive institution to a more research-intensive one, female professors are less likely to retain their rank or attain promotion.