scholarly journals External threat environments and individual bias against female leaders

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Nam Kyu Kim ◽  
Alice J. Kang
Keyword(s):  
Women Leaders ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
International Security ◽  
Female Leaders ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Security Environment ◽  
External Threat ◽  
Individual Demand ◽  
Security Context ◽  
Cross National

Abstract We argue that a country's international security context influences individual bias against female leaders and propose three mechanisms: by increasing individual demand for defense, by shaping individual ideological orientations, and by increasing society's level of militarization. Using survey data of more than 200,000 individuals in 84 countries, we show the more hostile the country's security environment, the more individuals are likely to agree that men make better political leaders than do women. We also find support for some of our proposed mechanisms and that the effect of security environments is greater for men than women. Our study presents the first cross-national evidence that the country's international security environment correlates with bias against women leaders.

scholarly journals Measuring Bias against Female Political Leadership

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Setzler
Keyword(s):  
Women Leaders ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
State Level ◽  
Alternative Measure ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Female Leaders ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Multiple Strategies ◽  
Level I ◽  
Measuring Bias

AbstractMuch research examining gender bias in politics analyzes responses to explicit survey questions asking individuals whether they prefer male over female leaders or agree that male political leaders are superior. Drawing insights from the measurement of other types of prejudice, this article explores the methodological shortcomings of a widely used question of this type. Analyzing the results of two surveys—one national and one state-level—I compare response patterns to a standard, highly explicit question that is frequently administered by the Pew Research Center with those for a modestly altered item that employs multiple strategies to reduce social desirability bias. Compared with the alternative measure, the conventional item seriously underreports prejudice against women leaders. Moreover, the underreporting of bias is especially prevalent among individuals belonging to groups that are strong advocates of gender equality.

When Do Family Ties Matter? The Duration of Female Suffrage and Women’s Path to High Political Office

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 695-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Baturo ◽  
Julia Gray
Keyword(s):  
Women Leaders ◽  
Female Leadership ◽  
Empirical Modeling ◽  
Women In Politics ◽  
Female Leaders ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Family Ties ◽  
Political Office ◽  
Heads Of State ◽  
Female President

While the percentage of female heads of state in the world has increased to around 10 percent in the 2010s, a female president or prime minister still remains an exception. Recent scholarship has proposed a number of explanations behind this phenomenon, but there exist important gaps. The contribution of this paper is threefold. First, we use new and comprehensive data to undertake a systematic examination of the differences in the personal, education, and career backgrounds between female and male effective political leaders from 1960 to 2010. We find that female leaders are as qualified as men. Second, because the phenomenon of female leadership is still a rare occurrence, we argue that this fact must be accounted for in empirical modeling. Third, we show that many female leaders tend to acquire the necessary resources, support, and name recognition through political dynasties. To that end, women leaders need to rely on family ties more than men do. However, the importance of such connections attenuates when female suffrage has been in place for longer, and citizens are more open to women in politics.

scholarly journals Losing the Discursive Battle but Winning the Ideological War: Who Holds Thatcherite Values Now?

2021 ◽  
pp. 003232172098670
Author(s):  
Stephen Farrall ◽  
Emily Gray ◽  
Phil Mike Jones ◽  
Colin Hay
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
New Right ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Margaret Thatcher ◽  
The Uk

In what ways, if at all, do past ideologies shape the values of subsequent generations of citizens? Are public attitudes in one period shaped by the discourses and constructions of an earlier generation of political leaders? Using Thatcherism – one variant of the political New Right of the 1980s – as the object of our enquiries, this article explores the extent to which an attitudinal legacy is detectable among the citizens of the UK some 40 years after Margaret Thatcher first became Prime Minister. Our article, drawing on survey data collected in early 2019 (n = 5781), finds that younger generations express and seemingly embrace key tenets of her and her governments’ philosophies. Yet at the same time, they are keen to describe her government’s policies as having ‘gone too far’. Our contribution throws further light on the complex and often covert character of attitudinal legacies. One reading of the data suggests that younger generations do not attribute the broadly Thatcherite values that they hold to Thatcher or Thatcherism since they were socialised politically after such values had become normalised.

scholarly journals Sere Training Implementation in “Nicolae Bălcescu” Land Forces Academy

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
Daniel Solescu ◽  
Adrian Teodorescu
Keyword(s):  
International Security ◽  
Training And Education ◽  
Security Environment ◽  
Future Leaders

Abstract Modern international security environment requires that future leaders training should be polyvalent. This article aims to present the tremendous benefit that SERE training brings in Land Forces officers training and education.

scholarly journals Roles of female leaders of educational in Vietnam National University

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Duc Huy ◽  
Nguyen Huu Chung ◽  
Nguyen Trung Kien
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
Leadership Styles ◽  
Women Leaders ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Educational Leaders ◽  
Female Leaders ◽  
Leadership In Higher Education ◽  
Vietnamese Higher Education ◽  
National University

In order to understanding the increasing number of women leaders in Vietnamese higher education. The research was a qualitative study using a narrative inquiry research design as a means to elicit the lived experience of some respected female educational leaders. However, a higher of males leader than females still fills senior management roles in Vietnamese higher education.  This study explores of perspective the leadership styles of women leaders who want to positions of leadership in higher education. Most of the female leaders have not leadership training at any school, so their leadership and management by experiences.The identification of important factors effect on the educational leadership of these figures will provide insight into the nature of leadership in relation to teaching and learning in Vietnamese higher education. Research will focus on interview as method for exploring thestories offemale educational leaders in Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU). The role of female leaders in changing, developing and perfecting valuable structures. Exploring these stories will demonstrate and can be understood the leadership styles of female leader in at VNU.

East Asian Social Survey (EASS), Cross-National Survey Data Sets: Culture and Globalization in East Asia, 2008

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying-Hwa Chang (TSCS) ◽  
Noriko Iwai (JGSS) ◽  
Lulu Li (CGSS) ◽  
Sang-Wook Kim (KGSS)
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
National Survey ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Cross National

Institutions, Politics, and Developmental Divergence

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-92
Author(s):  
Richard F. Doner ◽  
Gregory W Noble ◽  
John Ravenhill
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Market Size ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Developmental States ◽  
Industrial Performance ◽  
Developmental Divergence ◽  
Intensive Growth ◽  
Cross National

Variation in automotive industrial performance across seven East Asian countries reflects differences in firm competencies, but those differences are largely cross-national: common national environments are central influences on firms’ incentives to develop competencies. Factors emphasized in neoclassical accounts, such as market size, macroeconomic policy, and openness to foreign investment, are weak predictors of cross-national variation. Extensive development requires measures that facilitate capital mobilization and allocation, such as sector-specific FDI incentives and specialized infrastructure. Successful intensive growth cases are distinguished by effective sectoral institutes for collective training, testing, and research. Three sets of pressures push political leaders to pursue the long-term development of institutions: claims on resources (security threats and domestic pressures for welfare improvement) in the absence of easily accessible resources to satisfy such needs. These arguments are consistent with but go well beyond other prominent approaches to development: national innovation systems, global value chains, and developmental states.

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