Mechanism For The Development Of The Education Market In The Context Of Economic Transformation

This article describes characteristics of price and demand for educational services in the market of educational services, interdependence of education and production, structural changes in the system of higher education, characteristics of individual demand for educational services, internal and external factors, level of demand for educational services. The factors of individual competitiveness as an element were studied.

External threat environments and individual bias against female leaders

We argue that a country's international security context influences individual bias against female leaders and propose three mechanisms: by increasing individual demand for defense, by shaping individual ideological orientations, and by increasing society's level of militarization. Using survey data of more than 200,000 individuals in 84 countries, we show the more hostile the country's security environment, the more individuals are likely to agree that men make better political leaders than do women. We also find support for some of our proposed mechanisms and that the effect of security environments is greater for men than women. Our study presents the first cross-national evidence that the country's international security environment correlates with bias against women leaders.

Crowdfunding, Financing Constraints, and Real Effects

We study the feasibility and optimal design of presale crowdfunding contracts where participating consumers pay a premium above the future expected spot price and financially constrained entrepreneurs balance the potential product–market distortions introduced through presale crowdfunding against the cost of traditional external financing. Our analysis shows how such crowdfunding contracts enable the execution of projects that could not be otherwise undertaken and highlights novel interactions between the cost of capital, demand uncertainty, and production. Tighter financing constraints reduce the ability of the monopolist to extract surplus but, contrary to the usual result, may increase production. We evaluate how uncertainty and market size reduce the price-discriminating power of the monopolist and affect the optimal contract regime. Nevertheless, we show how such presale price-discriminating contracts are implementable even when the number of potential consumers is relatively high and their individual demand is stochastic. This paper was accepted by Gustavo Manso, finance.

Reading of Religious Text: قراءة النص الديني

The religious text today became the axis of the work of many Arab modernists, such as Arkoun, Jabri, Abu Zeid and Abdul Majeed Al Sharafi... and others, which resulted in what is known as the modernist readings of the religious text, which sees the standards of our era and the needs of the Arab individual demand moving from the Court of duplication to resort to the court of reason. From the culture of certainty to the culture of questioning and doubt, and from the culture of absolute truth to the culture of relativity, and out of this idea, the modernists began their view of the Holy Qur'an as a narrative product that can be reproduced and read in accordance with the various literary criticisms in the study of literary and historical texts. such as methods of the human and social sciences and the comparative history of religions. Which contributes to the destabilization of all the buildings of the sanctuary built by the traditional theological mind, and thus works to empty the religion from its ideological content and determine its area within the framework of secular systematic. The reading of the text accordingly becomes a cultural linguistic event and therefore there is no absolute historical fact because the absolutism deviates from the will of man. This kind of reading was also an invitation to the realization of the rationality of pluralism, not the rationality of status. and the call for openness to humanity and cosmic culture. But the prospects for this theory remain limited in practice. These contemporary readings have benefited from the Western approaches applied in human texts, philosophical and literary..

FAMILY STRUCTURE AND SOCIOECONOMIC PATTERNS OF SPORT DEMAND: A NONLINEAR ANALYSIS

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of sociodemographic and economic factors on the level of sport participation in Sweden. Using a randomly drawn sample of the sport participation, we apply a proportional odds model to capture the natural ordering of dependent variables and any inherent nonlinearities. The findings show that individual demand for sport depends on gender, age, educational attainment, income, marital status, household characteristics, employment status, and willingness to pay. Understanding the determinants of sport participation could assist to identify target areas for health economics policy and the achievement of such objectives.

To Buy or Not to Buy? The Moral Relevance of the Individual Demand in Everyday Purchase Situations

The question of the moral relevance of the individual demand is fundamental to many purchase decisions of daily consumer life. Can a single purchase make a difference for the better or worse? Each individual consumer could argue that companies are unlikely to adjust their production due to one single item more or less being sold. He might therefore decide not to change his consumption behavior but instead to rely on the effort of others, a pattern commonly referred to as collective action problem. In this article, we study collective action problems with regard to everyday purchase situations. We base our discussion on Shelly Kagan’s famous article “Do I make a difference?” and critically discuss a central assumption of his model: the symmetric relationship between supply and demand. We find that Kagan’s solution to collective action problems is not true a priori but has to be evaluated in certain empirical surroundings. We therefore discuss the approach in the context of the European meat market and demonstrate that Kagan’s argument does not provide a universal solution to cases of meat purchasing. We conclude with an outlook regarding the role of consumer ethics.

Optimal Monetary Policy when Information is Market-Generated

The nature of the private sector’s information changes the optimal conduct of monetary policy. When firms observe their individual demand and use it as a signal of real shocks, the optimal policy consists in maximising the information content of that signal. When real shocks are deflationary (like labour supply shocks), the optimal policy is countercyclical and magnifies price movements, which contrasts with the exogenous information case, where optimal monetary policy is procyclical and stabilises prices. When the central bank communicates its information to the public, this policy is still optimal if firms pay limited attention to central bank announcements.

THE ALGORITHM OF EVALUATING A MARGINAL INDIVIDUAL PRICE DISTRIBUTION UNDER AN EXPLICIT MARKETING RESEARCH

This article presents a method for conducting a marketing research aiming to evaluate statistics of a “Willingness-to-Pay” random variable distribution. Similarly, this approach can be used for evaluating minimal price a customer is ready to sell a good for. Since a general survey tends to bring bias into WTP evaluation, we suggest reducing psychological pressure while asking a single question “Would you buy this product for X amount of money?”. It was empirically shown that this information is enough to conduct an experiment and evaluate the characteristics of a population distribution. The algorithm is easy to use, however needs an expert control for gaining higher accuracy. Using tools of simulation modeling we assessed the level of bias of an experimentally obtained distribution statistics compared to a real population statistics. The algorithm helps predicting individual demand and total income level depending on a product pricing level.

Transferable utility and demand functions

While many theoretical works, particularly in family economics, rely on the transferable utility (TU) assumption, its exact implications in terms of individual preferences have never been fully worked out. In this paper, we provide a set of necessary and sufficient conditions for a group to satisfy the TU property. We express these conditions in terms of both individual indirect utilities and individual demand functions. Last, we describe the link between this question and a standard problem in consumer theory (initially raised by Gorman 1953), and explain why a similar characterization in terms of direct utilities cannot obtain.