The effect of nutrition on the reproductive performance of first-litter sows 2. Protein and energy intakes during lactation

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. King ◽  
I. H. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Lactation Length ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Dietary Treatments

A factorial experiment involving high (53·1 to 59·5 MJ) and low (25·4 to 27·1 MJ) daily intakes of digestible energy, and high (550 to 745 g) and low (302 to 318 g) daily intakes of crude protein during lactation, was conducted with 68 first-litter sows. Average lactation length was 32 days, and average backfat changes during lactation were +0·3, −1·4, −7·2 and −5·4 mm for the high energy/high protein, high energy/low protein, low energy/high protein and low energy/low protein combinations, respectively. The corresponding mean live-weight losses during lactation were 3·9, 32·5, 29·8 and 35·8 kg. Within 8 days of weaning, more sows receiving high intakes of both energy and protein during lactation exhibited oestrus (0·88 v. 0·53, x2 = 6·7, P < 0·01) than sows whose energy and/or protein intake throughout lactation had been restricted. Nitrogen balances of sows were determined between 18 and 22 days after farrowing. Sows receiving high intakes of both energy and protein during lactation were in positive nitrogen balance, whereas the nitrogen balances of sows on the other three dietary treatments during lactation were similar to each other but negative. Ovulation rate, subsequent litter size and embryo mortality were not significantly affected by energy or protein intake during lactation.

Effects of varying dietary energy and protein levels on gross morphology and histology of testes of breeder FUNAAB – Alpha cocks

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
B. Saleh ◽  
D. J. U. Kalla ◽  
S. T. Mbap ◽  
U. D. Doma ◽  
A. Y. Girgiri
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Tubular Lumen ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The effects of varying levels of dietary energy and protein on gross morphology and histology of testes of FUNNAB – Alpha chickens were studied at the Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, Bauchi state. Twelve cocks were randomly divided into four dietary treatments; Standard diet (SD) (Control) (2650Kcal/Kg ME/ 16%CP), High Energy – Low Protein (HELP, 2800 Kcal/Kg ME/ 14%CP), High Energy – High Protein (HEHP, 2800 Kcal/Kg ME/ 18% CP) and Low Energy – Low Protein (LEHP, 2400 Kcal/Kg ME/ 18%CP) groups. A total of twelve FUNAAB – Alpha cocks were used for this experiment. The cocks were reared in floor pens under natural mating. At 69 weeks of age, all the cocks were slaughtered and testicles carefully removed for gross morphology and histological studies. A significant (P<0.05) influence of diet was noted on live weight with cocks fed HELP diet being heavier (P<0.05) than those in the other treatment groups. Means for all parameters of testicles measured where not different (P>0.05) from each other. Histological sections of the testes showed that HELP diet had mild effect on spermatogenesis evidenced by the scanty spermatozoa in the tubular lumen. It was concluded that FUNAAB – alpha cocks can be fed diets meant for breeding hens without adverse effect on spermatogenesis. However, feeding the LEHP diet produced roosters that were overweighed with slightly impaired spermatogenesis.

The effect of nutrition on the reproductive performance of first-litter sows 4. The relative effects of energy and protein intakes during lactation on the performance of sows and their piglets

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. King ◽  
A. C. Dunkin
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Protein ◽  
The Other ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Moderate Energy

ABSTRACTEighty-eight first-litter sows were used in a factorial experiment to examine the effects of energy and protein intakes during lactation on subsequent performance. Some received either 45 MJ (E,) or 60 to 63 MJ (E2) digestible energy per day and either 508 to 511 (P,) or 703 to 815 (P2) g crude protein per day during a 28-day lactation.Sows on the E2P2 treatment lost less body weight during lactation than sows on the other three treatments (P < 0·05). Average live-weight losses during lactation were 21·8, 20·8, 17·8 and 9·6 kg for the E1P1, E1P2, E2P1, and E2P2 sows, respectively. The corresponding reductions in backfat measurements during lactation were 5·5, 7·9, 3·2 and 4·0 mm. Backfat losses were greater for sows given either moderate energy intakes or high protein intakes (P < 0·01).Neither protein intake nor energy intake during lactation affected subsequent ovulation rate, but piglets sucking sows given high protein intakes grew faster, particularly during the last week of lactation, than piglets sucking sows receiving low protein intakes (P < 0·05).Within 8 days of weaning, more sows given high intakes of protein during lactation exhibited oestrus than did sows which received lower intakes of protein (27/44 v. 14/44, x2 = 7·7, P < 0·01). Protein intake during lactation affected the nitrogen balance of sows in a similar way. The nitrogen balances were estimated during the 3rd week of lactation, and for sows given rations E1P1, E1P2, E2P1, and E2P2were -20·2, -11·5, -17·5 and -7·2 g/day respectively.

Effects of restrictions of energy, protein or both on growth and body composition of pigs

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 687-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Carden ◽  
P. R. Goenaga
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Low Protein

SummaryAn experiment was carried out, using Duroc Jersey barrows, to test the hypothesis that relationships within the pig fat-free carcass remain unaltered when varying the principal dietary factors: energy, protein or both. Twelve pigs were assigned to each of the following diets: high energy-high protein (HEHP), used as control group; low energy-high protein (LEHP); high energy-low protein (HELP) and low energy-low protein (LELP). From 30 kg live weight onwards the animals were individually penned and fed once a day the experimental rations, on a restricted scale of feeding related to live weight. Compared with the control group, daily intake of metabolizable energy was approximately 37% lower in LEHP and LELP groups while daily protein intake was approximately 25% lower in HELP and LELP groups.In each group the 12 pigs were slaughtered between 60 and 110 kg. The right half carcasses were completely dissected using strictly anatomical criteria. The main growth characteristics of the four treatments were described by second degree polynomials fitted to the live weight-age data. Each treatment produced a characteristic growth curve. In every case significant differences were found in the polynomial coefficients. Data on body composition were subjected to analysis of covariance, using the linear model y = a + bx. When growth of different parts of a whole were studied the weight of that whole was used as the independent variable. When muscle:bone ratio was examined the weight of total side muscle was used as covariate in the covariance analysis for total side bone.The major treatment effects were on the relationship between fat and non-fat tissues in the carcass. Thus, in relation to dissected side weight, HELP animals had more fat and less muscle and bone than controls, while LEHP and LELP pigs had more muscle and bone and less adipose tissue. Within the fat-free carcass several differences were found on muscle weight distribution. LEHP, HELP and LELP pigs had a higher proportion of ‘expensive muscles’. However, the magnitude of these changes was small and likely to be of little commercial importance. On the other hand, only minor differences were found in bone weight distribution. These were confined to the scapula and femur. Muscle:bone ratio was not affected by the treatments. Within the adipose tissue differences were observed in growth rates from the different depots relative to total side fat. Thus, it would appear that the growth rate of the subcutaneous depot was higher and that of the intermuscular one lower in LEHP and LELP animals. The body cavity depot was less in these animals.

Effect of chronic food restriction on pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y gene expression in castrate male sheep

1997 ◽  
Vol 152 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
C L Adam ◽  
P A Findlay ◽  
C E Kyle ◽  
P Young ◽  
J G Mercer
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Pulse Amplitude ◽  
Pulse Frequency ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Castrate Male ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Male Sheep

Abstract Castrate male sheep (wethers, average liveweight 38 ± 0·6 kg) were given one of the following diets for 10 weeks followed by euthanasia (n=8/group): high-energy high-protein providing 1·5 times the energy required to maintain liveweight (maintenance) (group 1·5M), low-energy low-protein at 0·5 maintenance (0·5M), or low-energy high-protein at 0·5 maintenance (0·5M+P). 1·5M wethers gained 22% liveweight whereas 0·5M and 0·5M+P wethers lost 18 and 13% liveweight respectively. Relative to the 1·5M group, the 0·5M and 0·5M+P groups had similar plasma concentrations of glucose and cortisol throughout, but elevated non-esterified fatty acids (P<0·001) and reduced IGF-I and insulin (P<0·05, 0·01 or 0·001) from 1 week onwards. Each week blood samples were taken every 12 min for 4 h and plasma assayed for LH. Mean concentration over 4 h, LH pulse frequency and LH pulse amplitude showed no progressive change in 1·5M sheep. However, in both 0·5M and 0·5M+P groups mean LH increased (P<0·001 and P<0·01 respectively), pulse frequency decreased (P<0·01 and P<0·01) and pulse amplitude increased (P<0·001 and P<0·01) over the 10-week period. Anterior pituitary LH content was greater in 0·5M (P<0·01) and 0·5M+P (P<0·05) than in 1·5M sheep. Coronal sections (20 μm) of hypothalamic brain tissue were subjected to in situ hybridisation to determine gene expression for neuropeptide Y (NPY). NPY mRNA was concentrated in the arcuate nucleus and median eminence, with total amounts greater in both 0·5M (310%, P<0·001) and 0·5M+P (333%, P<0·01) groups than in 1·5M sheep (100%). These data reveal that chronic low dietary energy intake by long-term castrates, with high or low protein intake, reduces LH pulse frequency but increases the circulating levels of LH by virtue of an increase in pulse amplitude, and concomitantly increases hypothalamic NPY gene expression. Journal of Endocrinology (1997) 152, 329–337

scholarly journals The influence of protein nutrition in early life on growth and development of the pig

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 605-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
A. C. Dunkin
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Protein Nutrition ◽  
Low Protein

1. The effects of feeding either a high-protein (HP) diet or a low-protein (LP) diet between 1·8 and 15 kg live weight (LW) and a low-energy (LE) or a high-energy (HE) intake but at the same protein intake subsequent to 15 kg LW on the performance and body composition of pigs growing to 75 kg LW were investigated.2. During the LW period 1·8–15 kg, pigs given the LP diet exhibited poorer growth performance (P < 0·01) and at 15 kg contained more fat (P < 0·01) in their empty bodies than pigs given the HP diet.3. On the LE treatment subsequent to 15 kg LW, pigs previously given the LP diet deposited protein at a faster rate and exhibited more rapid and efficient growth to 60 kg LW than those given the HP diet before 15 kg. However, on the HE treatment, pigs previously given the LP diet deposited protein at a slower rate and exhibited poorer growth performance (P < 0·05) between 15 and 45 kg LW but grew at a faster rate between 45 and 60 kg LW than pigs previously given the HP diet.4. On the LE treatment subsequent to 15 kg LW the differences in body composition between the two protein groups were no longer significant at 45 kg. However, on the HE treatment, pigs previously given the LP diet remained fatter (P < 0·05) to 60 kg LW than those previously given the HP diet.5. The results suggested that restricting protein intake between 1.8 and 15 kg LW reduced, temporarily, the upper limit of protein retention and growth performance during subsequent development. This finding is discussed in relation to the effects of protein nutrition in early life on the hyperplasic development of muscle tissue.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF SEVERE ENERGY VERSUS PROTEIN DEPRIVATION DURING GESTATION OF REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE AND BLOOD METABOLITES OF GILTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-139
Author(s):  
F. O. I. Anugwa ◽  
W. G. Pond
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Versus Protein ◽  
Feed Costs

Diets designated as high energy, high protein (HEHP), low energy, high protein (LEHP), high energy, low protein (HELP) and low energy, low protein (LELP) were fed to gilts from breeding through farrowing. Feeding rates were 1.82 (HEHP, HELP) or 0.68 kg (LEHP LELP) of diet per gilt per day. Diets were calculated to provide 6.6 (HEHP, HELP) or 2.2 Meal (LEHP, LELP) of digestible energy and 272 (HEHP, LEHP) or 60 g (HELP, LELP) of protein per gilt per day. Protein contents of the HEHP, LEHP, HELP and LELP diets were 15, 40, 3.3 and 9%. All sows and their progeny were treated similarly after farrowing. Gilts on the high energy diets (HEHP, HELP) gained significantly more weight during gestation than the gilts on the low energy diets (LEHP, LELP). Farrowing percentages were 100, 100, 80 and 40% for the HEHP, HELP, LEHP and LELP gilts respectively. Average litter size, birth weight, number of pigs weaned per litter or weaning weights were not significantly different among treatments. At the same stages of gestation, there were no significant differences among treatments in plasma glucose levels but plasma glucose significantly increased (P<0.05) in all treatments with advancing pregnancy. Serum albumun concentrations were significantly lower (P<0.05) in the HELP group than in the other groups by the end of gestation. The data indicate that lowering protein intake during gestation may be one way of reducing feed costs without impairing reproductive performance.

Estimation of microbial protein flow from the rumen of sheep using microbial nucleic acid and urinary excretion of purine derivatives

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 821-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Puchala ◽  
G. W. Kulasek
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Sheep Rumen

Two methods for estimating the flow of microbial protein synthesized in the rumen to the duodenum were compared: one uses microbial nucleic acids entering the duodenum, and the other uses allantoin excreted in the urine. Ten ewes were fitted with rumen and duodenum cannulae, as well as Foley catheters for collection of urine. The experiment was carried out using two series of treatments with two replications each. The ewes were randomly divided into five groups, which were assigned to one of five diets. (In the second series sheep were excluded from diets received in the first series.) The diets, differing in protein and energy content, were as follows: (1) low protein, low energy (LPLE); high protein, low energy (HPLE); (3) maintenance for protein and energy (MPME); (4) low protein, high energy (LPHE); and (5) high protein, high energy (HPHE). The rates of rumen microbial protein synthesis were 3.34, 7.00, 9.44, 4.47 and 13.44 g microbial nitrogen (N) d−1 for diets 1–5, respectively. Results indicated a high correlation between allantoin and total purine derivatives (allantoin, uric acid, xanthine and hypoxanthine) excreted in the urine and the amount of microbial nucleic acids entering the duodenum. A regression equation y = exp (0.830 + 2.089x), using allantoin N (g d−1) excreted in the urine, was proposed for estimating microbial N synthesis (g d−1) in the rumen. The ratio of allantoin N to creatinine N in the urine samples collected at 6-h intervals varied markedly. Key words: Sheep, rumen, microbial protein, allantoin, purine derivatives

CARCASS QUALITY OF RAW AND SMOKED FISH FILLETS PREPARED FROM CAGE RAISED RIVER CATFISH (Hemibagrus nemurus Valenciennes, 1840) FED HIGH PROTEIN-LOW ENERGY AND LOW PROTEIN-HIGH ENERGY DIETS

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (4-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bustari Hasan ◽  
Indra Suharman ◽  
Desmelati Desmelati ◽  
Dian Iriani
Keyword(s):  
Protein Composition ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Commercial Fish ◽  
Overall Acceptability ◽  
Smoked Fish ◽  
Low Protein

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of high protein-low energy and low protein-high energy diet on carcass quality of raw and smoked river catfish fillets. Two diets containing high protein-low energy (40 % protein, 2.75 kcal g–1 energy, diet A) and low protein-high energy (34 % protein, 3.00 kcal·g-1 energy, diet B) which produced the best growth in our previous feeding trial were fed to river catfish. The fish, 40.14 g to 42.64 g in weight were stocked in commercial fish cage at dencity of 50 fish per m3and fed the experimental diets for 90 d. At the end of the experiment, all fish was weighed for weight gain, 20 fish were evaluated for carcass quality and other 20 fish were filleted and hot smoked. Smoked fillets were assessed for smoking yield, proximate composition, sensory quality and overall acceptability. Edible flesh, dressing percentage and flesh water holding capacity  of the fresh raw were higher for the fish fed diet A; but carcass waste was higher for the fish fed diet B. Protein composition was higher for the fish fed diet A; however, fat composition was higher for the fish fed diet B. In terms of smoking yield and overall acceptability of smoked fish, there was no difference between smoked fillets prepared from the fish fed the two diets, while appearance and texture were higher for the smoked fillets prepared from fish fed diet A; and odor as well as flavor were higher for smoked fillets prepared from fish fed diet B. 

THE PERFORMANCE OF ONE NORMAL AND TWO DWARF MEAT MATERNAL GENOTYPES AND THEIR PROGENY AS AFFECTED BY REARING AND ADULT DIETARY TREATMENTS

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. PROUDFOOT ◽  
H. W. HULAN
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Mortality Incidence ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The performances of one normal and two dwarf meat maternal genotypes were compared in a factorial experiment designed to estimate the combined effects of feeding two juvenile diets (low protein (LP) high energy (HE) versus high protein (HP) low energy (LE)) from 106 to 140 days and four adult dietary treatments (LPHE, HPHE, HPLE and an HPLE excluding canola meal) fed from 141 to 420 days. The performance of the three genotypes differed significantly (P < 0.05) for egg production, egg fertility at 322 days, feed efficiency, live body weights and monetary returns less the cost of chicks and feed. One of the dwarf gentoypes exhibited the highest monetary returns. Juvenile dietary treatments had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on the traits measured except age at sexual maturity and female body weights at 154 d. Several traits were affected by the adult dietary treatments including mortality, incidence of fatty liver syndrome, hen-day egg production, feed efficiency up to 322 and 420 days and live body weights. Mortality due to fatty liver syndrome was significantly (P < 0.01) lower among hens fed the high protein, low energy diet without canola meal compared with hens fed the other three adult diets, all of which included canola meal as a feed ingredient. Key words: Dwarf, meat breeders, hens, broilers, diets, fatty liver syndrome, genotypes

Effect of diets with different energy and protein levels on performance of grower ostriches

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 1338 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Glatz ◽  
Z. H. Miao ◽  
B. K. Rodda ◽  
S. C. Wyatt
Keyword(s):  
High Protein Diet ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Bodyweight Gain ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Feed Costs

Grower ostriches that are fed more expensive diets with high energy and high protein to maximise growth can exhibit health problems. Despite this there is an ‘industry view’ that birds can be grown to slaughter weight within 8 months when high energy and protein diets are used, rather than 12–14 months using conventional diets. Given this scenario it is likely that there would be lower total feed costs associated with feeding a high energy and high protein diet for only 8 months compared with feeding a traditional diet for 12–14 months. The purpose of this experiment was to conduct an on-farm trial with grower ostriches (liveweight 48.7–50.0 kg) housed in a feedlot to examine their performance when subjected to four dietary treatments fed over 4 weeks: (i) treatment 1: birds fed a commercial grower diet with 10.7 MJ/kg and 138.0 g/kg of protein; (ii) treatment 2: birds fed a low energy (10.0 MJ/kg) and low protein (126.0 g/kg) diet; (iii) treatment 3: birds fed a high energy (12.5 MJ/kg) and medium protein (136.0 g/kg) diet; and (iv) treatment 4: birds fed a high energy (12.5 MJ/kg) and high protein (143.0 g/kg) diet in a feedlot. Birds fed on the low energy and low protein diet had the highest feed intake compared with the other treatments. Birds on treatment 2 also had a significantly higher (P = 0.01) daily weight gain (277.3 g/bird) compared with treatment 1 (50.9 g), treatment 3 (49.1 g) and treatment 4 (32.0 g), respectively. The results indicate that better daily bodyweight gain is likely if ostrich growers are fed with a lower energy and lower protein diet.

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