Effect of age on energy utilization of early-weaned growing calves weighing less than 100 kg

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Sekine ◽  
R. Oura ◽  
S. Morita ◽  
T. Morooka ◽  
Y. Asahida
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Age Regression ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Balance Trials ◽  
Effect Of Age

ABSTRACTTo study, after weaning at 6 weeks of age, the effect of age on energy utilization of growing calves and to estimate the requirements of metabolizable energy (ME) for calves weighing less than 100 kg, 243 energy balance trials were conducted using 68 Holstein-Friesian castrated male calves at 7, 9 and 13 weeks of age. Regression analyses of energy retention (ER, kj/kg M0·75) on intakes of ME (kJ/kg M0·75) gave the following equations at the respective age: ER = 0·479 (s.e. 0·070) ME — 197, for 7 weeks, ER = 0·521 (s.e. 0·052) ME - 216 for 9 weeks and ER = 0·523 (s.e. 0·043) ME - 236, for 13 weeks. Amounts of ME for maintenance (MEm) calculatedas ER = 0 were 413, 415 and 451 kJ/kg M0·75 for calves at 7, 9 and 13 weeks of age, respectively. The efficiency of utilization of ME for growth was not significantly different among the ages and was 0·500 (s.e. 0023). ME required for growth was estimated to be 510 kJ/kg M0·75 for each kg gain in weight, irrespective of age. The requirements of ME of calves weighing less than 100 kg were lower than those estimated by extrapolation of British and American standards.

scholarly journals Effect of Protein Sources with Different Rumen Degradability in a Diet on the Efficiency of Utilization of Metabolizable Energy by Calves

2004 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-335
Author(s):  
J. Sekine ◽  
H. E. M. Kamel ◽  
M. Hishinuma ◽  
A. N. M. A. Fadel El-Seed ◽  
S. Morita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Corn Gluten Meal ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Corn Gluten ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Balance Trials

Abstract. To evaluate the effect of dietary protein of diverse rumen degradability on the efficiency of metabolizable energy (ME) utilization by calves at the growth and maintenance levels of feeding. A total of 54 energy balance trials were conducted using 18 Holstein castrated male calves given four diets containing soybean meal (SBM), cottonseed meal (CSM), heated soybean meal (HSBM) and corn gluten meal (CGM) as a main source of protein. The trials were carried out at the ages of 13 weeks for the growth (G) level of feeding and 15 weeks for maintenance (M) followed by the 24-h measurement of fasting (F) heat production after 3-day fasting. The dg values were 0.657, 0.543, 0.463 and 0.413 for SBM, CSM, HSBM and CGM, respectively. The regression analyses of energy retention (ER, kJ/W0.75) on the intake of ME (IME, kJ/W0.75) above the maintenance level revealed no significant differences among diets and gave a following pooled equation: ER = 0.56(±0.04)IME – 311, r = 0.897 (P<0.01). The below M level resulted in the following two distinct equations for the diet with a higher dg of protein source and that of a lower dg: ER = 0.77(±0.02)IME – 403, r = 0.994 (P<0.01) for SBM + CSM. ER = 0.60(±0.03)IME – 350, r = 0.982 (P<0.01) for HSBM + CGM. We concluded that ME utilization for maintenance may be influenced by the protein sources of different dg, but not for growth.

Energy exchanges of pregnant and lactating ewes

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
N McCGraham
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Heat Increment ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Energy Exchanges ◽  
Pregnant Ewe

At intervals throughout gestation, the energy, carbon, and nitrogen exchanges of four Merino ewes were determined with the aid of closed-circuit indirect calorimetry. Six similar but non-pregnant animals were studied at the same time. The food consisted of equal parts of lucerne and wheaten hay; half the sheep in each group were given a constant 600 g/day and half 900 g/day, and the non-pregnant ewes were fasted on one occasion. Free fatty acids, glucose, and ketones in the blood were also determined during the final stages of pregnancy. Balance measurements were continued during lactation, the ewes being given 1200 g food/day for the first month and 900 g for the second. The digestibility of the food was not affected by pregnancy or lactation, but urinary nitrogen loss decreased as pregnancy advanced and was least during lactation. Although a constant amount of food was eaten, the heat production of each pregnant animal increased throughout gestation. The heat increment of pregnancy at term was 90 kca1/24 hr/kg foetal tissue. The most direct measurements of oxygen uptake by the foetus in utero indicate much lower levels of heat production per kilogram of tissue; it is concluded that these are underestimates. The metabolic rate was unusually high immediately before parturition, and in two cases decreased to near non-pregnant levels 24 hr after lambing. The total energy retention of the ewes became smaller as pregnancy advanced, and in two cases was negative at term. Metabolizable energy was used for reproduction with a gross efficiency of 15–22% and a net efficiency of 13%. The metabolizable energy used per kilogram of foetus was approximately 10% of the maintenance requirement of the ewe herself. Daily energy utilization by the conceptus at term probably accounted for 70% of the glucogenic substances available from the food. There was no evidence of increased gluconeogenesis from protein by the pregnant ewe. The nutrition of the ewe during gestation affected lactation mainly in the first week or two. The data indicate that nitrogen intake rather than energy intake limited milk production. Irrespective of the amount of energy in the milk, the heat increment due to feeding was 20% smaller for lactating than for dry fatteningewes. It is suggested that efficient use of acetate by the mammary gland permits more efficient lipogenesis by other tissues.

Calorimetric studies on the effect of dietary energy source and environmental temperature on the metabolic efficiency of energy utilization by mature Light Sussex cockerels

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. F. Shannon ◽  
W. O. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Metabolic Efficiency ◽  
Heat Increment ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Calorimetric Studies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Maize Oil

SUMMARYExperiments to determine the net availabilities of the metabolizable energy (NAME) of a cereal-based diet and a maize-oil diet for maintenance and lipogenesis and the effect of environmental temperature on the NAME of the cereal-based diet are described. Four 1- to 2-year-old Light Sussex cockerels were used.The relationship between ME intake and energy retention was linear for each diet. The NAME'S of the cereal-based diet given at 22° and 28 °C (70.6 ± 1.83 % and 73.6 ± 3.54%, respectively) were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than the NAME of the maize-oil diet (84.1 ± 1.85%). It is concluded that the beneficial effect of maize oil on the efficiency of energy utilization is due to a reduced heat increment rather than a reduction in the basal component of the heat production. The higher efficiency from the maize-oil diet led to an increase in the energy retained as fat.The mean fasting heat production at 28 °C was 15 % lower than at 22 °C (43.2 ± 1.45 and 51.2 ± 1.09 kcal/kg/day, respectively). The NAME of the cereal-based diet was not significantly different when the birds were kept at 22° or 28 °C. The lower metabolic rate at 28 °C was reflected in a lower maintenance requirement and in an increase in the deposition of body fat.

PARTITIONING METABOLIZABLE ENERGY UTILIZATION IN RUMINANTS TO INCLUDE A FACTOR FOR ASSIMILATION OF FOOD INTAKE AND ITS APPLICATION FOR EVALUATING ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF GROWING-FATTENING CATTLE

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 723-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. GIRARD
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Caloric Value ◽  
Energy Retention

A mathematical analysis of heat production by growing ruminants was used to assess the physiological importance of assimilation and digestion of dry matter intake. Energy retention (ER) was calculated according to National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council (NAS-NRC) (1984) for 300- and 600-kg cattle fed hay or corn silage with approximately 0, 25, 50 and 75% oat or corn grain. Protein synthesis was calculated for each ER using NAS-NRC (1984) standards for medium- and large-frame bulls, steers and heifers. Fat retention was then estimated by removing the caloric value of protein from ER and dividing the result by the caloric value of fat. Heat production (Y, MJ), obtained as the difference between metabolizable energy (ME) intake and energy retention, was related to the animal's metabolic weight (X1, kg), to the protein (X2, kg) and fat (X3, kg deposited and to the dry matter intake (X4, kg):[Formula: see text]This equation explained 99.9% of the variation of individual heat productions predicted by the California net energy system (NAS-NRC 1984). Heat production per kilogram dry matter intake (3.85 MJ) ranged from 38% at maintenance to 48% above maintenance of the total heat produced, which is similar to values reported in the literature from physiological studies. Metabolizable energy efficiency for fasting, gain of protein and gain of fat was respectively 102, 63 and 64%, whatever feed-stuffs were used. The proposed energy system can be summarized and used as follows: ME requirement = ME for fasting + ME for gain of fat + ME for gain of protein + ME for dry matter intake. In this form, ordinary ME values for feedstuffs are used. Key words: Ruminant, growth, protein fat efficiency, system, intake energy

Effects of isolation, confinement and competition for feed on the energy exchanges of growing lambs

1972 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. F. Webster ◽  
J. S. Smith ◽  
J. M. Brockway
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Caloric Density ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Energy Exchanges ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Balance Trials

SUMMARY1. Calorimetric evaluation of the nutritive value of feeds for ruminants has, of necessity, involved using mature sheep isolated in respiration chambers. This experiment was designed to examine how such information relates to growing lambs reared in different ways.2. Lambs were either completely isolated, individually fed, or fed in groups. Two lambs in each group were fed to gain 100 g/day (medium) and two to gain 200 g/day (high). Calorimetric measurements were made on individuals or groups at intervals over 20 weeks.3. All lambs fed to gain 100 g/day consumed their entire ration, isolated lambs gained on average 123 g/day and the others 160 g/day. On the ‘high’ ration isolated lambs ate less than the others and gained 178 as against 228 g/day.4. Metabolizable energy intake, heat production and thus energy retention were similar in all groups offered the ‘medium’ ration. Differences in energy retention on the ‘high’ ration were related to differences in intake.5. The net availability for weight gain of the diet (kf) estimated from energy balance trials conducted throughout the growth period (0·61) agreed well with that predicted from its content of metabolizable energy (0·63).6. Estimates of the caloric density of the weight gain suggested that on the ‘medium’ ration the isolated lambs retained substantially more energy as fat than those reared in groups. These observations are discussed in relation to the design and interpretation of calorimetric experiments to predict the nutritive value of feeds for growing lambs.

The effect of different concentrations of protein and fat in milk replacers on protein utilization in kid goats

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Sanz Sampelayo ◽  
I. Ruiz Mariscal ◽  
F. Gil Extremera ◽  
J. Boza
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Variable Contribution ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Sparing Effect ◽  
Milk Replacers ◽  
Balance Trials

AbstractThe efficiency of utilization of protein for retention was analysed in pre-ruminant kid goats of the Granadina breed. Sixty male kids were used. Six were slaughtered at birth and the remaining 54 were offered different protein and fat intakes using nine different milk replacers. The protein concentrations were 200, 240 and 280g/kg dry matter (DM) and those of fat were 200, 240 and 280 g/kg DM. Animals were maintained on experiment until they were 60 days old. All were slaughtered on day 61. Nitrogen (N) balance trials were performed during the last 8 days of the 1st and 2nd months. Body composition of the animals slaughtered at birth and at 61 days were determined. Rates of energy retained as protein and as fat were determined (kJ/kg M0·75 per day) and the corresponding rates of metabolizable energy intake as protein and as fat (kJ/kg M0·75 per day) estimated.Once the relationships between the rates ofN retained and those of digestible N ingested had been established, it was evident that by increasing the protein content of the diet the efficiency of protein retention was decreased. In contrast, increasing the fat content of the milk replacer increased the efficiency of protein retention. The latter effect was noted for the milk replacers containing the high and medium levels of protein but not for those that contained the lowest level of protein, indicating that the level of protein was then the limiting factor. Having recorded this protein-sparing effect of the fat, the results obtained from the slaughter trials were used to develop generalized equations expressing the rates of energy retention in the form of protein or fat as a function of the rates of metabolizable energy intake achieved as both protein and fat. From the analysis of these equations conclusions are drawn about the variable contribution to protein retention in these animals of energy ingested as fat. This contribution depended on the energy intake achieved both in the form of protein and in the form of fat.

Growth of lambs offered fixed amounts of roughage and concentrate either simultaneously, progressively or separately

1995 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Wilkinson ◽  
J. F. D. Greenhalgh
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Mixed Diet ◽  
Progressive Change ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Expected Values ◽  
Overall Efficiency ◽  
Daily Intakes

SUMMARYTwo experiments were carried out to study the efficiency of energy utilization by Suffolk × Blackface lambs. In the first experiment, a digestibility trial, the lambs were fed on either a roughage (chopped dried grass), concentrate (whole barley, ground barley and fishmeal), or mixed (roughage and concentrate) diet. The dry matter (DM) and organic matter digestibility coefficients of the mixed diet were slightly, but not significantly, lower than the ‘expected’ values calculated by summation of the separately determined digestibility coefficients of the component feeds. Similarly, the metabolizable energy (ME) value was 1·6% lower than the ‘expected’ value.In the second experiment, lambs were offered 52·5 kg roughage DM (ME 9·96 MJ/kg DM) and 52·5 kg concentrate DM (ME 11·59 MJ/kg DM) as:(i) a mixed diet (M); (ii) a progressive change from roughage to concentrate (R–C); (iii) a progressive change from concentrate to roughage (C–R); or 105 kg roughage or concentrate DM as either (iv) a roughage diet (R), or (v) a concentrate diet (C). Lambs on treatments R–C, C–R and R and C combined took a similar time to consume their allocation of food and achieved a similar final empty body weight (EBW) and empty body composition. In addition, the total energy retention (ER) of lambs on these treatments was similar to that predicted by a feeding standards model for lambs of a similar liveweight offered diets of the same ME content. Lambs on treatment M consumed their allocation of food faster than those on all other treatments and achieved a slightly, but not significantly, higher final EBW, which contained a higher proportion of fat. The ER was higher than predicted. The higher overall efficiency of lambs on treatment M was attributed to higher daily intakes and differences in the ratio of protein: fat deposited and maintained by lambs on each treatment. The adoption of separate efficiency constants for both deposition and maintenance of protein and fat in current feeding standards would result in a more accurate prediction of animal performance.

Energy budget in free-living animals: a novel approach based on the doubly labeled water method

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (4) ◽  
pp. R1336-R1343 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kam ◽  
A. A. Degen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water Method ◽  
Body Energy

We provide a theoretical and practical model for the calculation of energy balance of free-living animals using the doubly labeled water method. Energy expenditure, metabolizable energy intake, and body energy balance (energy retention, negative or positive) of animals are estimated using CO2 production, water influx, and dietary habits. This model accounts for CO2 produced from the 1) oxidation of dietary substrates, 2) catabolism of body tissue, and 3) deposition of body energy. We examined the model using data from studies on five homeotherms reported in the literature. The ratios between daily energy expenditure using our model and that presented in the reports ranged between 0.76 and 1.18. Metabolizable energy intakes were as low as 43% of energy expenditure in negative energy-balanced hummingbirds and as high as 245% of energy expenditure in positive energy-balanced koala bears. This model is the first that allows theoretical calculation of all energy budget components, including energy retention, in free-living animals using the doubly labeled water method.

Prediction of the Energy Requirements for Growth in Beef Cattle 1. The irrelevance of fasting metabolism

1974 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. F. Webster ◽  
J. M. Brockway ◽  
J. S. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Positive Energy Balance ◽  
Pelleted Diet

SUMMARY1. According to the Agricultural Research Council (1965) energy retention in cattle is predicted from metabolizable energy (ME) intake, the net availabilities of ME for maintenance (km) and for fattening (kf) and measurements made of fasting metabolism (F). The present experiments were designed to examine the validity of the use of F as a basis from which to predict energy retention.2. Four British Friesian and four Aberdeen Angus steers were fed, from weaning to slaughter at about 450 kg, a barley-based, pelleted diet at two levels calculated to yield overall efficiencies of retention of ME of 20% and 10% respectively. Successive measurements were made of the energy balance of each animal at intervals of 4 to 8 weeks.3. The metabolizability of the diet was measured for both sheep and cattle. In both species metabolizability was greater at the higher level of feeding. In sheep kf measured directly or estimated from metabolizability was 0·61.4. Measured values for F in cattle agreed closely with values given by the Agricultural Research Council.5. Basal metabolism in the growing animal (F') was predicted by extrapolation to zero intake of measurements made on animals in positive energy balance. Log F' during growth was proportional to log body weight0·73. Expressed in terms of the usual exponent of metabolic body size, F' was about 440 kJ/kg0·75 per 24 hr throughout growth. There were no major differences in F' attributable to breed or to level of food intake.6. The results indicate that F is not a good basis from which to predict energy retention in steers.

scholarly journals Effect of Dietary Forage/Concentrate Ratio on Nutrient Digestion and Energy and Protein Metabolism in Adult Donkeys

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1025
Author(s):  
Li-Lin Liu ◽  
Xiao-Ling Zhou ◽  
Hong-Jian Yang ◽  
Rong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Feeding Practice ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
High Fiber ◽  
Nutrient Digestion

The domestic donkey is a unique equid species with specific nutritional requirements; however, limited feeding studies have been addressed so far to understand nutrient digestion and metabolism in donkeys. In the present study, six adult female Xinjiang donkeys (180 ± 10 kg live weight) were applied in a 3 × 3 Latin square design to investigate the effect of the forage/concentrate ratio (F/C) in three experimental diets on N and energy balance within 12 weeks. Rice straw and alfalfa hay were chosen as forage ingredients, and the diets included the following: (1) a high-fiber (HF) ration (F/C = 80:20), (2) a medium-fiber (MF) ration (F/C = 55:45), and (3) a low-fiber (LF) ration (35:45). After the fixed amount of diets were daily allowed to the animals, total feces and urine were collected to determine total tract digestibility, N and energy balance. As a result, dry matter intake did not differ among the three diet groups. Decreasing the dietary F/C significantly promoted protein digestibility and decreased fiber digestibility. The N and energy balance analysis showed that increasing the F/C remarkably (p < 0.01) decreased N retention through the increase in N excretion in urine, and the highest N loss relative to N intake was observed in MF. Meanwhile, decreasing the F/C linearly increased the conversion efficiency of digestible energy to metabolizable energy. Taken together, the results obtained in the present study implicated that the dietary forage level should not be less than 55% to maintain greater N and energy utilization in feeding practice, otherwise, a donkey’s N utilization might be highly discounted.

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