A function for live-weight change between two calvings in dairy cattle

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Korver ◽  
J. A. M. van Arendonk ◽  
W. J. Koops
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Maximum Decrease ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Level Scale

ABSTRACTA function to describe live-weight changes of dairy cows between two calvings is constructed. The following measurements were used: live-weight level (scale), pregnancy parameter, maximum decrease of live weight during the lactation and the time during lactation at which minimum live weight occurred.An analysis was carried out for each of 71 dairy cows of two genotypes, Dutch Friesian and Holstein Friesian crossbreds, given a high or a low concentrate diet. Data set 1 contained data of 40 weeks lactation and data set 2 data from calving to calving.The mean residual standard deviation per genotype-diet group ranged from 11 to 14 kg. The mean R2 ranged over the subgroups in data set 1 from 0·715 to 0·792 and in data set 2 from 0·857 to 0·906. Diet had a significant influence on the magnitude of the decrease in live weight during the lactation (71 v. 46 kg) and the mean time during the lactation at which minimum live weight occurred. The latter time ranged from day 58 to 100 over the four groups and a diet effect existed. The pregnancy parameter could not be estimated accurately based on measurements during the first 40 weeks of lactation. The correlation coefficient between the pregnancy parameter in data sets 1 and 2 ranged from +0·13 to +0·78. The other parameters showed coefficients from +0·82 to +0·99.

Effects of genotype and lactation number on health and reproductive problems in dairy cows

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 143-143
Author(s):  
B.L. Nielsen ◽  
R.F. Veerkamp ◽  
J.E. Pryce ◽  
G. Simm ◽  
J.D. Oldham
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Large Data Sets ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Variation Analysis ◽  
Genetic Line ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Health Events ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
Low Incidence

High producing dairy cows have been found to be more susceptible to disease (Jones et al., 1994; Göhn et al., 1995) raising concerns about the welfare of the modern dairy cow. Genotype and number of lactations may affect various health problems differently, and their relative importance may vary. The categorical nature and low incidence of health events necessitates large data-sets, but the use of data collected across herds may introduce unwanted variation. Analysis of a comprehensive data-set from a single herd was carried out to investigate the effects of genetic line and lactation number on the incidence of various health and reproductive problems.

The effect of body weight at calving on milk production and reproductive performance of Friesian × Zebu heifers

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Deresz ◽  
C. M. Jaume ◽  
M. R. de Carvalho ◽  
C. A. González
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTTwenty-six pregnant Holstein-Friesian × zebu heifers, arranged in pairs according to age, body weight, expected calving date and amount of zebu breeding, were allocated at random to two nutritional regimens during the last 12 weeks before calving. If was planned that the animals in treatment A should calve at a pre-calving live weight of 480 kg and those in treatment B should calve at 380 kg. The diet consisted of maize silage or elephant grass silage, soya-bean meal and minerals. During the first 21 days of the post-partum period both groups were given 6 kg concentrate per head daily. After this period, the feeding level was adjusted every 14 days according to the current milk yield. The mean total milk yields were 2132 kg and 1283 kg (P < 0·05) and the lengths of lactation were 239 days and 156 days (P < 0·01) for cows in treatments A and B, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between treatments in the intervals from calving to first heat or calving to conception.

The effects of raising post-oestrus progesterone concentrations on luteal activity in post-partum dairy cows

1999 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. O. Darwash ◽  
G. L. Ward ◽  
G. E. Lamming ◽  
J. A. Woolliams
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control ◽  
Phase Length ◽  
Friesian Cows

AbstractIn order to investigate the rationale of manipulating post-ovulation progesterone (P4) concentrations, luteal activity was measured in 10 Holstein-Friesian cows treated with a progesterone-releasing device (CIDR, 1·9 g P4) inserted on the morning of day 2 post-oestrus for a period of 7 days and compared with 10 untreated control animals. Milk samples were collected daily during afternoon milking from 7 days pre- to 24 days post-oestrus and P4 concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA). The milk P4 profiles were used to assess the effects of early post-oestrus P4 elevation on five intervals of the luteal phase. In the treated (T) and control (C) animals, the mean interval from oestrus to P4 rise (≥3 μg/l), was 2·38 (s.e. 0·18) and 4·90 (s.e. 0·28) days, respectively, (P < 0·01). The mean interval from oestrus to the attainment of peak P4 concentrations was not significantly different (P > 0·05) between the T (14·75 (s.e. 1-62) days) and С (14·30 (s.e. 0·70) days) animals, with cows in the T group showing a more variable (F7 9 = 4-30, P < 0·05) interval to the occurrence of the peak. The interval from peak P4 to corpus luteum (CL) regression (when P4 fell below ≥3 μg/l) was not significantly different between the T (4·13 (s.e. 1·30 days) and С (5·60 (s.e. 0·88) days) groups. Furthermore, CIDR insertion did not alter luteal phase length, number of days with P4 concentrations ≥3 μg/l (T = 16·50 (s.e. 0·80) v.C = 15·00 (s.e. 0·47) days) or the interval from oestrus to CL regression (T = 18·88 (s.e. 0·79) v.C = 19·90 (s.e. 0·41) days). We conclude that treatment with CIDR 2 days after oestrus successfully increased the availability of P4 to cows without significantly affecting luteal phase characteristics.

Crystal and Molecular Structure of Thiocarbonyl-ethoxo(tetraphenylporphyrinato)ruthenium(II), [Ru(TPP)(CS)(HOC2H5)]. A Case of Centrosymmetric–Noncentrosymmetric Ambiguity

1997 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 767-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Bartczak ◽  
K. Rachlewicz ◽  
L. Latos-Grażynski
Keyword(s):  
Crystal And Molecular Structure ◽  
Bond Angle ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Alpha Radiation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Fourier Methods ◽  
Space Group ◽  
Space Groups ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Difference Fourier

[Ru(TPP)(CS)(EtOH)] crystallizes in the triclinic system. Crystal data: C47H34N4ORuS, M r = 803.91, a = 10.607 (3), b = 11.308 (5), c = 17.699 (2) Å, \alpha = 77.53 (2), \beta = 73.17 (1), \gamma = 69.85 (3)°, V = 1891.6 (10) Å3, P\overline 1 (C^{1}_{i}, no. 2), Z = 2, F(000) = 824, D x = 1.410, D m = 1.39 Mg m−3 (by flotation in aqueous KI), \mu(Mo K\alpha) = 0.512 mm−1, R = 0.094, wR = 0.098, S = 2.28 for 4610 independent reflections with F o > 5\sigma(F o ). A second data set was collected using Cu K\alpha radiation. The structure was refined by standard least-squares and difference-Fourier methods in space groups P1 and P\overline 1 using both the Mo K\alpha and Cu K\alpha data sets. Both data sets favor space group P\overline 1, the Mo data giving a slightly better result than the Cu data. The two independent Ru atoms lie on the inversion centers ½,0,0 and ½,½,½ of space group P\overline 1. Consequently, the two independent molecules have crystallographically imposed \overline 1 symmetry, the CS and EtOH axial groups are disordered and the RuN4 portions of the molecules are planar. The deviations from planarity of the porphyrinato core are very small. The Ru—C—S groups are essentially linear with an average Ru—C—S bond angle of 174 (1)°. The mean Ru—C(CS) and Ru—O (Et) bond lengths are 1.92 (4) and 2.15 (3) Å, respectively.

A note on the estimation of the body fat, protein and energy content of lactating Holstein-Friesian cows by measurement of condition score and live weight

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Gibb ◽  
W. E. Ivings
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Subjective Condition ◽  
Friesian Cows

The relationships between body composition, live weight (LW) and subjective condition score (CS) were examined in an experiment in which 54, second to fourth parity, lactating autumn-calving Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were slaughtered at 0, 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 19, 24 and 29 weeks post partum. Multiple regression analyses showed the weight of fat and the quantity of energy within the body were significantly correlated with both LW and CS. The weight of crude protein showed a linear correlation with LW. These results are discussed and compared with previously published investigations with non-lactating dairy cows.

scholarly journals Effects of environmental factors on multiple ovulation of zebu donors

2006 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.G.C.D. Peixoto ◽  
J.A.G. Bergmann ◽  
C.G. Fonseca ◽  
V.M. Penna ◽  
C.S. Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Inbreeding Coefficient ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Third ◽  
Multiple Ovulation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Best Responses

Data on 1,294 superovulations of Brahman, Gyr, Guzerat and Nellore females were used to evaluate the effects of: breed; herd; year of birth; inbreeding coefficient and age at superovulation of the donor; month, season and year of superovulation; hormone source and dose; and the number of previous treatments on the superovulation results. Four data sets were considered to study the influence of donors’ elimination effect after each consecutive superovulation. Each one contained only records of the first, or of the two firsts, or three firsts or all superovulations. The average number of palpated corpora lutea per superovulation varied from 8.6 to 12.6. The total number of recovered structures and viable embryos ranged from 4.1 to 7.3 and from 7.3 to 13.8, respectively. Least squares means of the number of viable embryos at first superovulation were 7.8 ± 6.6 (Brahman), 3.7 ± 4.5 (Gyr), 6.1 ± 5.9 (Guzerat) and 5.2 ± 5.9 (Nellore). The numbers of viable embryos of the second and the third superovulations were not different from those of the first superovulation. The mean intervals between first and second superovulations were 91.8 days for Brahman, 101.8 days for Gyr, 93.1 days for Guzerat and 111.3 days for Nellore donors. Intervals between the second and the third superovulations were 134.3, 110.3, 116.4 and 108.5 days for Brahman, Gyr, Guzerat and Nellore donors, respectively. Effects of herd nested within breed and dose nested within hormone affected all traits. For some data sets, the effects of month and order of superovulation on three traits were importants. The maximum number of viable embryos was observed for 7-8 year-old donors. The best responses for corpora lutea and recovered structures were observed for 4-5 year-old donors. Inbreeding coefficient was positively associated to the number of recovered structures when data set on all superovulations was considered.

scholarly journals Aerosol-cirrus interactions: A number based phenomenon at all?

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 3625-3657
Author(s):  
M. Seifert ◽  
J. Ström ◽  
R. Krejci ◽  
A. Minikin ◽  
A. Petzold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Cloud Formation ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Number Density ◽  
Cloud Droplets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Local Maxima ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Aerosol Cloud Interactions

Abstract. In situ measurements of the partitioning of aerosol particles within cirrus clouds were used to investigate aerosol-cloud interactions in ice clouds. The number density of interstitial aerosol particles (non-activated particles in between the cirrus crystals) was compared to the number density of cirrus crystal residuals. The data was obtained during the two INCA (Interhemispheric Differences in Cirrus Properties form Anthropogenic Emissions) campaigns, performed in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) and Northern Hemisphere (NH) midlatitudes. Different aerosol-cirrus interactions can be linked to the different stages of the cirrus lifecycle. Cloud formation is linked to positive correlations between the number density of interstitial aerosol (Nint) and crystal residuals (Ncvi), whereas the correlations are smaller or even negative in a dissolving cloud. Unlike warm clouds, where the number density of cloud droplets is positively related to the aerosol number density, we observed a rather complex relationship when expressing Ncvi as a function of Nint for forming clouds. The data sets are similar in that they both show local maxima in the Nint range 100 to 200 cm−3, where the SH-maximum is shifted towards the higher value. For lower number densities Nint and Ncvi are positively related. The slopes emerging from the data suggest that a tenfold increase in the aerosol number density corresponds to a 3 to 4 times increase in the crystal number density. As Nint increases beyond the ca. 100 to 200 cm−3, the mean crystal number density decreases at about the same rate for both data sets. For much higher aerosol number densities, only present in the NH data set, the mean Ncvi remains low. The situation for dissolving clouds presents two alternative interactions between aerosols and cirrus. Either evaporating clouds are associated with a source of aerosol particles, or air pollution (high aerosol number density) retards evaporation rates.

Evaluation of NOSCOW

1984 ◽  
Vol 1984 ◽  
pp. 23-23
Author(s):  
P. J. Broadbent ◽  
J. H. Topps ◽  
J. J. Clark ◽  
J. M. Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Dietary Energy Intake ◽  
Danish Dairy

Two data sets have been used to evaluate NOSCOW, a model of the energy system of cows which allows milk production and live-weight change to be predicted simultaneously from dietary energy intake (Bruce, Broadbent and Topps, 1984).Black and White Danish Dairy Cows (SDM) were used by Østergaard (1979) to study concentrate feeding strategies. There were nine treatments which differed in the level and pattern of concentrates fed over the first 36 weeks of lactation. These treatments caused substantial differences in the levels and patterns of energy intake.

scholarly journals The evaluation of growth and selected carcass and meat quality parameters in fattening bulls fed a diet based on concentrates or maize silage

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 368-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Štercová ◽  
A. Krása ◽  
R. Lepková ◽  
J. Šterc
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Average Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
The Mean

The aim of the study was to evaluate the growth rate and selected carcass and meat quality parameters in bulls fed a high-grain diet and to compare the results with those obtained in bulls fed a diet based on preserved roughage. The trial included 18 Czech-Pied bulls fed a diet with a high proportion of concentrated feed and 18 Czech-Pied bulls fed a diet based on maize silage, used as a control group. The trial was launched after the weaning of calves. During the fattening period, live weight and average daily weight gain were monitored. The bulls were slaughtered at the live weight of 550–600 kg, the mean age at slaughter was 473 days for the high-grain diet group and 474 days for the control group. The carcasses were classified to SEUROP quality grades, and carcass gain and dressing percentage were calculated. Samples of <I>m. longissimus pars thoracis</I> were taken from five bulls in each group to examine selected meat quality parameters. In the period from weaning to slaughter the high-grain diet bulls and the control bulls achieved the average daily weight gain of 1.29 kg and 1.21 kg, respectively. Differences between the groups were not significant. The high-grain diet group showed higher average carcass weight and higher carcass weight gain, differences between the groups were not significant, either. As to meat quality parameters under study, a significant difference was found only in meat lightness (L*), with the mean value in the high-grain diet group being significantly (<I>P</I> ≤ 0.01) lower than in the control group. The other meat quality parameters did not show any significant differences between the groups. In this study, the high-grain diet gave similar performance as the maize silage-based diet in fattening bulls. The high-grain diet group and control group showed comparable average daily weight gain and selected carcass and meat quality parameters.

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