Nutritional evaluation of wheat. 5. Disappearance of components in digesta of pigs prepared with two re-entrant cannulae

1976 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ivan ◽  
D. J. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soft Wheat ◽  
Wheat Protein ◽  
Hard Wheat ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Complete Digestion ◽  
Matter Energy

SUMMARY1. Three pigs prepared with re-entrant cannulae in the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum were used to study flow rate of nitrogen, and digestion and absorption of dry matter, nitrogen, gross energy and starch. The pigs were given a semi-purified diet, a hard wheat diet and a soft wheat diet. These were approximately isonitrogenous.2. Nitrogen content of insoluble dry matter of duodenal digesta was much higher on the semi-purified diet than on the wheat-based diets.3. Apparent digestibilities of dry matter, energy and nitrogen in the small intestine were in the order semi-purified diet > hard wheat > soft wheat although differences were not statistically significant. Similar results were obtained for total digestibility of these components.4. Absorption of most amino acids from the small intestine was higher for casein in the semi-purified diet than for wheat protein. Significantly more lysine, arginine, isoleucine and tyrosine were absorbed from hard than from soft wheat.5. With all diets there was almost complete digestion of starch in the small intestine.6. There was little digestion of nutrients in the large intestine, and thus digestibilities calculated from faecal analyses showed similar trends to those calculated from analyses of digesta from the terminal ileum. Most values compared favourably with those reported elsewhere for digestibilities of amino acids in wheat.7. It was concluded that casein was superior to the wheat proteins but that protein of hard wheat was of better quality than that of soft wheat when evaluated by ileal recovery of animo acids, due largely to a greater absorption of lysine.

Flow rates of components in digesta of pigs prepared with re-entrant cannulas in the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum, and fed semipurified, hard wheat, and soft wheat diets

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 891-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ivan ◽  
David J. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Soft Wheat ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Hard Wheat ◽  
Proximal Duodenum ◽  
Post Feeding

Four pigs prepared with re-entrant cannulas in the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum were used to study flow rates of total digesta, insoluble dry matter, nitrogen, and amino acids entering and leaving the small intestine. The pigs received a semipurified diet, a hard wheat diet, or a soft wheat diet. These were approximately isonitrogenous.A higher rate of passage of digesta through the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum were measured in pigs receiving the hard wheat diet. Peak flow of digesta at the duodenum of all pigs occurred at 1 h post feeding. Peak flow of digesta at the ileum occurred at 9 h post feeding on the soft wheat diet, but somewhat earlier on the hard wheat and semipurified diet. More nitrogen and essential amino acids flowed in the solid fraction of duodenal digesta during the first 2 h post feeding for the wheat diets and 4 h post feeding for the semipurified diet.It was concluded that flow rate of most nutrients from the stomach and through the small intestine of pigs is modified by the composition and texture of the food ingested. It is postulated that efficiency of mixing of digesta with digestive secretions in the stomach is a major factor influencing rate of flow.

DIGESTION OF NUTRIENTS IN THE SMALL INTESTINE OF PIGS FED DIETS CONTAINING RAW AND AUTOCLAVED FABA BEANS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. IVAN ◽  
J. P. BOWLAND
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Intestinal Uptake ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Faba Beans

Four castrated pigs, each fitted with a re-entrant cannula in the terminal ileum, were used to study digestion in the small intestine. A nitrogen-free diet was used for the estimation of metabolic nitrogen and amino acids. Faba beans, as the sole source of dietary protein, were used raw or after autoclaving for 30 or 60 min. The four diets were fed to the pigs in a 4 × 4 latin square experiment. The pigs were fed each diet for 6 days prior to a 24-hr collection of total ileal contents. Autoclaving of faba beans had no significant effect on digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, nitrogen and individual amino acids except arginine, which was significantly increased. The intestinal uptake of arginine was the highest and of cystine the lowest in all faba bean diets. It was concluded that autoclaving faba beans had no beneficial effect on the digestion of nutrients in the small intestine of the pig.

scholarly journals Quantitative intestinal digestion of nitrogen in sheep given formaldehyde-treated and untreated casein supplements

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Macrae ◽  
M. J. Ulyatt ◽  
P. D. Pearce ◽  
Jane Hendtlass
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total N ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Intestinal Digestion ◽  
Gross Energy

1. In two experiments, sheep prepared with a rumen cannula and with re-entrant cannulas in the duodenum and ileum were continuously fed on diets of dried grass, dried grass plus formalin-treated casein, or dried grass plus untreated casein. Paper impregnated with chromic oxide was given once daily via the rumen fistula.2. In ten 24 h collections of digesta entering the duodenum and eleven 24 h collections of digesta reaching the ileum of sheep given dried grass, there were highly significant correlations between the 24 h flows of Cr marker and the corresponding flows of dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen, gross energy, hemicellulose and cellulose (P < 0.01) at both sites.3. Daily amounts of non-ammonia N and of individual amino acids entering and leaving the small intestine and of total N excreted in faeces and urine are given.4. Net retention of supplementary N was 36% when the supplement was administered as formalin-treated casein, but only 17% when it was administered as untreated casein.5. Formalin treatment of casein significantly increased the daily amounts of non-ammonia N entering the small intestine (P < 0.01) and the amounts of non-ammonia N apparently absorbed therein (P < 0.05).6. Apparent absorption of amino acids from the small intestine was significantly greater (P < 0.05) with treated casein than with untreated casein. There were relative increases in the small amounts of several free amino acids measured, including taurine, in the ileal digesta of sheep receiving the treated casein supplement.

scholarly journals Studies on intestinal digestion in the sheep

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Macrae ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Proximal Duodenum ◽  
Glucose Polymer ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Almost All

1. In seven experiments sheep were given diets ranging from all-hay to all-barley, and also a diet comprising one part hay to two parts flaked maize. Each sheep was equipped with a cannula into the rumen and a re-entrant cannula in the proximal duodenum; six of the ten also had a re-entrant cannula in the terminal ileum. Paper impregnated with chromic oxide (Cr2O3) was given twice daily by rumen fistula.2. Amounts of α-linked glucose polymer entering and leaving the small intestine and excreted in the faeces were measured. Some values for a fraction designated non-glucose reducing polymer for cellulose and for gross energy were also obtained. The amounts passing the proximal duodenum and the terminal ileum were adjusted to give 100% recovery of Cr2O3 and the values were used to measure the extent of digestion in various parts of the alimentary tract.3. When rolled or whole barley was given alone or was the major feed constituent the amount of α-linked glucose polymer entering the small intestine was 6.0±0.76% of that ingested (range 2.6–8.1%). The value was significantly lower than that found for the diet of hay and flaked maize (10.4±1.3%, range 8.0–13.6 %).The α-linked glucose polymer which entered the small intestine was almost completely digested there.4. The digestibility of the non-glucose reducing polymer, which included much of the hemicelluloses present, ranged from 51 to 73% and almost all the digestible fraction (93–97%) was digested before the small intestine when hay or predominantly hay diets were given. On high-cereal diets only 71–85% of the digested fraction disappeared before the small intestine and appreciable amounts were digested in the large intestine.5. On the all-hay diet 91% of the digestible cellulose and 67% of the digestible energy were lost before the small intestine, 0 and 21% in the small intestine and 9 and 12% in the large intestine.6. Mean digestibility coefficients determined in sheep fed solely on either whole or rolled barley were: for dry matter 88.1 and 87.9%, for nitrogen 83.5 and 82.1%, for crude fibre 53.7 and 56.6% and for gross energy 87.7 and 88.0%.

The development of ruminant digestion in the calf. II.* The digestion of barley and urea

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Flow ◽  
Apparent Absorption ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Wheat Chaff

Two Friesian calves were fitted with re-entrant cannulae in the duodenum and four Friesian calves were fitted with re-entrant cannulae in the duodenum and terminal ileum within 1 week of birth. At 35 days of age the calves were weaned from milk and offered a diet containing 72% barley, 3.5% urea and 15 % wheat chaff. Total collections of digesta flowing from the duodenum and ileum were made for 12 hr at weekly intervals for 6 weeks after weaning. Of the dry matter ingested, 26% was apparently digested in the stomach 1 week after weaning, 40% by 2 weeks after weaning and increasing to 51% by 6 weeks after weaning. The flow of nitrogen to the duodenum was greater than the nitrogen intake in the first week after weaning, and it gradually decreased to 83% of the nitrogen intake by 6 weeks after weaning. During this period the contribution of microbial nitrogen to the nitrogen flow increased from 28 to 71%. The apparent absorption of amino acids from the small intestine increased with increasing feed intake, but the uptake of methionine was less than the methionine requirement for growth. _________________ * Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 26: 1081 (1975).

Studies on pigs prepared with re-entrant cannulas. 1. Effects of protein source on flow rates of dry matter, nitrogen and amino acids in digesta

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 615 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Alimon ◽  
DJ Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
High Concentrations

Eleven pigs were fed on one of six diets containing wheat alone or supplemented with either meat meal, fish meal, peanut meal, soybean meal or sunflower meal. Digesta were collected from the re-entrant cannulas at the mid-point and the terminal ileum of the small intestine at 2, 4, 6, 9 and 12 h after feeding. Measurements were made of flow rates of digesta, dry matter, nitrogen and amino acids at both locations in the small intestine. Peak values were usually observed for all parameters, at 2 h and from 4 to 6 h after feeding, at the mid-point and the terminal ileum respectively. Flow rates and the amounts of components in digests were often characteristic of the protein source in the diet and the location of the cannula. High concentrations of some free amino acids were observed in digesta at the mid-point, and lower concentrations at the terminal ileum in the small intestine; the significance of endogenous secretions in the small intestine is discussed.

Quantitative digestion of fresh herbage by sheep: I. The sites of digestion of organic matter, energy, readily fermentable carbohydrate, structural carbohydrate, and lipid

1974 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Ulyatt ◽  
J. C. Macrae
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Gross Efficiency ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate ◽  
Matter Energy

SummarySheep prepared either with a rumen cannula, or with a rumen cannula plus re-entrant cannulae in the duodenum and ileum were fed fresh ‘Ruanui’ perennial ryegrass (R), ‘Manawa’ short-rotation ryegrass (M) and white clover (C) at dry-matter intakes ranging from 450 to 1000 g/24 h.The re-entrant cannulated sheep were given paper impregnated with chromic oxide (Cr2O3) once daily via the rumen fistula as a marker; recoveries of Cr2O3 at the duodenum, ileum and faeces were approximately 75, 69 and 100% respectively. Regressions of Cr2O3-corrected digesta constituent flows (g/24 h) on intake were constructed and from these were calculated the sites of digestion of OM, gross energy, readily fermentable carbohydrate, structural carbohydrate and lipid between the stomach, small intestine and large intestine.There were differences between pasture species in partition of OM and energy digestion. With M, digestion in the stomach was significantly less (P < 0·01) and digestion in the small intestine was significantly more (P < 0·05) than with either R or C. These partitions of OM and energy digestion changed with level of feed intake. A substantial proportion (9–18%) of the digestible OM and energy was apparently digested in the large intestine with all three herbages.With all three herbages approximately 93% of the digestible readily fermentable carbohydrate and 90% of the digestible structural carbohydrate was digested in the stomach region.Reasons for differences in gross efficiency of utilization between the pasture species in the order C > M > R were examined.

Nutritional evaluation of wheat 1. Effects of preparation on digestibility of dry matter, energy and nitrogen in pigs

1974 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ivan ◽  
L. R. Giles ◽  
A. R. Alimon ◽  
D. J. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Matter Energy ◽  
Plot Design

SUMMARY1. A split-plot design was used to study apparent digestibility of dry matter, gross energy and nitrogen of a whole grain wheat diet and processed (hammermilled, rolled or hammermilled and then steam-pelleted) wheat diets by eight small (33·9 ± 0·1 kg) and eight large (70±1·7 kg) pigs. Metabolizable energy and nitrogen retention were also studied with the small pigs.2. The processed wheat diets were superior to the whole grain wheat diet in all the parameters measured.3. There were no significant differences between the performance of pigs given the differently processed wheat diets.4. Apparent digestibility of dietary components particularly in the whole wheat diet was significantly higher when diets were given to small pigs than when given to large pigs.

scholarly journals The effect of drying and ensiling grass on its digestion in sheep

1971 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Beever ◽  
D. J. Thomson ◽  
E. Pfeffer ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Proximal Duodenum ◽  
Fresh Frozen ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

1. The effect of drying and ensiling ryegrass on the site of digestion of the energy andcarbohydrate fractions was studied in sheep fitted with rumen cannulas and re-entrant can-nulas in the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum.2. The sheep were given fresh (frozen) grass, dried grass, wilted and unwilted silage pre-pared from herbage harvested from the same sward. The grass diets were offered twice dailyto each animal and paper impregnated with chromium sesquioxide was administered twicedaily into the rumen. Twenty-four hour collections of duodenal and ileal digesta, adjusted togive 100 yo recovery of Cr2O3, were analysed to determine the extent of digestion in the fore-stomachs, the small intestine and the caecum and colon.3. Total digestibility of the gross energy was similar for the fresh grass, dried grass andwilted silage diets (67·4,68·1 and67·5 %)but higher for the unwilted silage (72·0 %, P < 0·01).There was an increased flow of energy into the small intestine when the sheep were given driedgrass and unwilted silage. The proportion of the apparently digested energy lost within thesmall intestine was greater when the dried grass was given (302 yo) than when the fresh grasswas given (23·6 yo).4. Drying or ensiling of wilted material affected digestion neither in the entire alimentarytract nor in the different sections of the tract, of some carbohydrate fractions. About 97 yo ofthe digested water-soluble carbohydrate, over 90 yo of the digested cellulose and over 70 yo ofthe digested hemicellulose were digested before reaching the small intestine. The increasedamount of energy entering the duodenum of the sheep given the dried grass was notaccounted for by changes in the fate of these carbohydrate fractions in the digestive tract. Withunwilted silage, digestibilities of the cellulose and hemicellulose fractions were higher, andlower proportions of the digested carbohydrates were lost before the small intestine.

scholarly journals Nutritional availability of amino acids from protein cross-linked to protect against degradation in the rumen

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Ashes ◽  
Jim L. Mangan ◽  
Gurcharn S. Sidhu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
The Other ◽  
Molar Basis ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Total Milk

1. Casein was labelled with pairs of radioactive amino acids, lysine, tyrosine and leucine, one with I4C and the other with 3H, by jugular infusion into lactating goats followed by isolation of the double-labelled casein from the milk. Total milk protein was similarly labelled by jugular infusion of [35S]cystine. U-14C-labelled fraction- 1 leaf protein was isolated from lucerne (Medicago sativa) grown in an atmosphere of 14C022. The proteins were treated withdifferent levels(333 and667 mmol/kgprotein) offormaldehyde, glutaraldehyde and glyoxal.3. Absorption from the small intestine was measured in sheep with fistulas in the abomasum and terminal ileum, using Cr-EDTA as the digesta flow marker, by introducing radioactive casein into the abomasum.4. Lysine, tyrosine and cystine became increasingly unavailable for absorption from the small intestine of sheep with increasing levels of aldehyde. At the lower level (333 mmol/kg) the proportions of the amino acids that were unavailable were 0.192, 0.051 and 0.123 respectively. At the higher level of formaldehyde (667 mmol/kg) the corresponding values were 0.335, 0.201 and 0.432 respectively. Leucine was not made unavailable with formaldehyde.5. The proportions of lysine, tyrosine and leucine that were unavailable were higher, on a molar basis, after treatment of the proteins with the dialdehydes glutaraldehyde and glyoxal than after treatment with formaldehyde. However, the extent of protein protection provided by the dialdehydes in the rumen, measured using an in vitro procedure, was lower.

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