Ithaka

Antiquity ◽  
1927 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 402-411
Author(s):  
Alexander Shewan
Keyword(s):  
Ionian Sea ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
The West ◽  
Actual Position ◽  
European Literature ◽  
Samuel Butler ◽  
The North ◽  
The Subject

The island of Ithaka in the Ionian Sea has been famous throughout the centuries that have passed since European literature began with Homer. In itself it is small and mountainous, and but a poor spot on which to stage a noble drama, but its association with the far-famed hero of an immortal epic has more than made up for the insignificance of the terrain. In recent years it has achieved further distinction as the subject of a lively, and at times embittered controversy about its actual position on the map. Most scholars are content to believe that by Ithaka Homer meant the island which still bears the name, now modified to Thiaki; others affirm that the scene of the poet's story was really Santa Maura to the north, while others again have given the honour to Cefalonia to the west. Quite recently a German geographer has even proclaimed that ‘Corfu is Ithaka.’ Samuel Butler, in his famous Homeric escapade, convinced himself that Ithaka was to be found in one of the Aegadean Islands off the coast of Sicily. So far, it has not been said of it that it never existed save in the imagination of the poet, but it may yet be the victim of that last infirmity of Homeric geographical speculation.Interest in the island due to certain observations by the ancients was quickened by the visits of travellers-Gell, Dodwell, Leake, Mure and others-in the course of last century. The general aim of their explorations was to test the correctness of the Odyssean descriptions, and this they did with thoroughness. Their fault was that generally they went too far; they expected, and sought to establish, perfect correspondence. The modern expert comments that a poet is a poet; that freedom in his dealings with time and space is only his right; and that trifling discrepancies between the poetry and actuality are not to be regarded as vitiating the whole description and stamping it as purely imaginary. And all that may be conceded. The old explorers were certainly the victims of an excess of zeal. It has even been said that the inhabitants of the island made profit of their eagerness, by inventing names of localities to do duty as the remains of the appellations to be found in the epic.

scholarly journals DESIGN OF MAIN BREAKWATER AT SINES HARBOUR

1976 ◽  
Vol 1 (15) ◽  
pp. 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Dorrington Mettam
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Government Agency ◽  
Irregular Waves ◽  
Regular Waves ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Flume Tests ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Engineering Conference

In March 1972 the author's firm in association with two Portuguese firms of consulting engineers, Consulmar and Lusotecna, were appointed by the Portuguese Government agency Gabinete da Area de Sines to prepare designs for the construction of a new harbour at Sines on the west coast of Portugal. The location is shown in Figure 1. The main breakwater, which is the subject of this paper, is probably the largest breakwater yet built, being 2 km long and in depths of water of up to 50 m. It is exposed to the North Atlantic and has been designed for a significant wave height of 11 m. Dolos units invented by Merrifield (ref. 1) form the main armour. The project programme required that studies be first made of a wide range of alternative layouts for the harbour. After the client had decided on the layout to be adopted, documents were to be prepared to enable tenders for construction to be invited in January 1973. This allowed little time for the design to be developed and only one series of flume tests, using regular waves, was completed during this period. Further tests in the regular flume were completed during the tender period and a thorough programme of testing with irregular waves was commenced later in the year, continuing until August 1974 when the root of the breakwater was complete and the construction of the main cross-section was about to start. The model tests, which were carried out at the Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil in Lisbon, were reported by Morals in a paper presented to the 14th International Coastal Engineering Conference in 1974. (ref. 2)

Galaesus

1947 ◽  
Vol 41 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 93-94
Author(s):  
T. J. Dunbabin
Keyword(s):  
George Gissing ◽  
Ionian Sea ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
Small Stream ◽  
The North ◽  
North Side

In his masterly work on Tarentum, P. Wuilleumier (Tarente, 5) identifies the Galaesus with the Citrezze or Giadrezze, a small stream running into the north side of the Mare Piccolo, about two miles from the channel on the west side of the citadel of Tarentum which connects the Mare Piccolo with the sea. This identification, which has been often repeated since Lenormant's time (La Grande-Grèce, i. 19) and spread beyond the narrow bounds of pure scholarship by the writings of George Gissing (By the Ionian Sea, 60 ff.), Norman Douglas (Old Calabria, 80), and David Randall-Madver (Greek Cities in Italy and Sicily, 76), is likely to hold the field by virtue, of Wuilleumier's support. But it is irreconcilable with the only ancient evidence on the position of this river, given in the account of Hannibal's movements in 212 B.C.

scholarly journals Particle transport in the central Ionian Sea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Berline ◽  
Andrea Doglioli ◽  
Anne Petrenko ◽  
Stephanie Barrillon ◽  
Boris Espinasse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Water Masses ◽  
Ionian Sea ◽  
Surface Salinity ◽  
The West ◽  
Chl A ◽  
The North ◽  
Lagrangian Modeling ◽  
Sicily Channel ◽  
Biological History

<p><span>In the </span><span>upper</span><span> layers of the Ionian Sea, young Mediterranean Atlantic Waters (MAW) flowing eastward from the Sicily channel meet old MAW. In May 2017, during the PEACETIME cruise, </span><span>fluorescence and particle content sampled at high resolution revealed unexpected heterogeneity in the central Ionian. Surface salinity measurements, together with altimetry-derived and hull-mounted ADCP currents, describe a zonal pathway of AW entering the Ionian Sea, consistent with the so-called cyclonic mode in the North Ionian Gyre. The ION-Tr transect, located ~19-20°E- ~36°N turned out to be at the crossroad of three water masses, mostly coming from the west, north and from an isolated anticyclonic eddy northeast of ION-Tr. Using Lagrangian numerical simulations, we suggest that the contrast in particle loads </span><span>along </span><span>ION-Tr originates from particles transported from these three different water masses. Waters from the west, identified as young AW carried by a strong southwestward jet, were intermediate in particle load, probably originating from the Sicily channel. Water mass originating from the north was carrying abundant particles, probably originating from northern Ionian, or further from the south Adriatic. Waters from the eddy, depleted in particles and Chl-a may originate from south of Peloponnese, where the Pelops eddy forms. </span></p><p><span>The central Ionian Sea hence appears as a mosaic area, where waters of contrasted biological history meet. This contrast is particularly clear in spring, when blooming and non-blooming areas co-occur. </span></p><p><span>High resolution measurements reveal a high heterogeneity in properties such as particles abundances. To interpret these distributions, </span><span>combination of multiparametric </span><span><em>in situ</em></span><span> measurements with remote sensing and Lagrangian modeling appears </span><span>necessary</span><span>. </span></p>

scholarly journals Essay Review: On the Borderland of Physics and Psychic Phenomena

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 646-661
Author(s):  
Carlos S. Alvarado
Keyword(s):  
Binary System ◽  
Physical Science ◽  
Essay Review ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Psychical Research ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Subject ◽  
English Physicist

In an address presented on August 20, 1891 at the Sixty-First Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science the President of the Association’s Section of Mathematics and Physical Science discussed various scientific developments. The speaker started with brief mentions of Michael Faraday’s centenary, and the death of Wilhelm Weber, and then went on to detailed discussions of a binary system of stars, the discovery of ways to achieve color photography, and the importance of professional systematic physics research leaving behind amateur efforts. Then he changed directions and said he was going to discuss a “topic which is as yet beyond the pale of scientific orthodoxy” (p. 551). The topic, the study of psychic phenomena, was called by the speaker the “borderland of physics and psychology,” an area “bounded on the north by psychology, on the south by physics, on the east by physiology, and on the west by pathology and medicine” (p. 553). “I have spoken,” our speaker continued, “of the apparently direct action of mind on mind, and of a possible action of mind on matter. But the whole region is unexplored territory . . . I care not what the end may be. I do care that inquiry shall be conducted by us” (p. 555, my italics). The speaker was English physicist Oliver J. Lodge (1892; see Figure 1), who by that time was well known for his interest and work in psychical research.1 The “us” in the last quote above was a reference to the community of physicists. Such interest in the topic by some physicists, of which Lodge was a main player, is the subject of the book reviewed here.

VI.—Recent Discoveries in the Bodleian Library

Archaeologia ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 101 ◽  
pp. 151-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. L. Myres
Keyword(s):  
Bodleian Library ◽  
The West ◽  
City Wall ◽  
External Appearance ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
Divinity School ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The University ◽  
The City

The group of medieval and seventeenth-century buildings which forms the subject of this paper lies in the centre of academic Oxford, between the site of the city wall on the north, Exeter College and its garden on the west and south, and the old Schools Quadrangle on the east. It constitutes indeed the heart of the medieval university. In writing to Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, on 14th July 1444 the authorities described the site as eminently suitable for a library because it was somewhat remote from secular noises. In spite of a marked increase in secular noises over the past 500 years in traffic-ridden Oxford, this description remains substantially true today. The buildings, erected then and later, remain in external appearance almost exactly as they are depicted in David Loggan's Oxonia Illustrate. of 1675 (pl. xxvii). They comprise the Divinity School, for which the university was already collecting money and laying the foundations in 1423 ; Duke Humphrey's Library, built over it in the forty-five years following the letter to Duke Humphrey of 1444; Arts End and the Proscholium added at right angles to the east by Sir Thomas Bodley in 1610–12; and Selden End with the Convocation House below, attached similarly to the west in 1637–40. The three upper rooms, Duke Humphrey, Selden End, Arts End, form the core of the ancient buildings of the Bodleian Library: they have been continuously in use for library purposes for between 320 and 360 years.

1. The Trigonometrical Survey of Palestine

1880 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 379-397
Author(s):  
Claude Reignier Conder
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mediterranean

The survey which forms the subject of the present paper extends over an area of 6000 square miles, bounded by the Jordan on the east, the Mediterranean on the west, the river Leontes and the springs of Jordan near Dan on the north, and the desert of Beersheba on the south. Within these limits a complete triangulation, with two bases each about four miles long, has been extended, and the whole of the country mapped to the scale of one inch to the mile. The work occupied five years in the field, and nearly three years more in preparing the results for publication.

The Chambered Barrow in Parc Le Breos Cwm, S. Wales

1937 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 71-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glyn Daniel
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Valley Bottom ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Subject ◽  
G 11 ◽  
Happy Valley ◽  
Small Valley

Parc Le Breos House stands in the south and centre of the Gower peninsula in West Glamorgan, about a mile north-west of Parkmill and a mile north of Penmaen, two small villages on the main road from Swansea westwards to Port Eynon and Rhossili. In the extensive woods surrounding the house is a small valley leading from Llethrid in the north to Parkmill in the south, and variously known as Parc le Breos Cwm, Parc Cwm, Green Cwm, and Happy Valley. A rough track leads up this valley from Parkmill to Green Cwm cottage, and, immediately to the west of this track and a little over half-a-mile north-west of Parkmill is the chambered barrow which forms the subject of this paper. Iron railings run round the greater part of the barrow, and inside these railings the barrow is covered with a heavy growth of trees. The sides of the Cwm are heavily wooded but the valley bottom is free from trees and the barrow thus stands out very clearly. It lies about a mile and a half from the sea at Oxwich Bay, and a little over fifty feet above sea-level. It is in the parish of Penmaen and is marked as ‘Tumulus’ on the current 6 inch (Glam. 22 S.W.) and 1 inch (100 G 11) maps; it is number IOI on the recently published Map of South Wales showing the distribution of Long Barrows and Megaliths, and number 122 in Mr Grimes's recent paper in these Proceedings.

Scissors and paste: Corpus Christi, Cambridge, MS 139 again

1975 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 83-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Baker
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Present Form ◽  
The West ◽  
Corpus Christi ◽  
Violet Light ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Unique Source

Amongst the manuscripts bequeathed to Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, by Matthew Parker in 1575 is one of the most important surviving collections of sources for the history of the north of England in the twelfth century. Manuscript 139, as it now is, contains, amongst other items, unique, or almost unique, copies of the so-called Historia Regum, which had been ascribed to Symeon of Durham before the end of the twelfth century, its continuation by John of Hexham, and the History of Richard of Hexham. It was a prime, and in part a unique, source of Twysden’s pioneering edition of 1652, and its value is in no way diminished today. This apart, the manuscript is of great interest as a manuscript, and the problems of its date, provenance and composition are still the subject of debate. The most recent and definitive account of the manuscript was given by Peter Hunter Blair in a fifty-five page article contributed to the volume of essays edited by Nora Chadwick under the title Celt and Saxon. His conclusions, which supersede all earlier views, were that the manuscript was compiled in the period c 1165–70 at the cistercian house of Sawley in the West Riding of Yorkshire, and the subsequent discovery of an erased Sawley ex libris, now visible only in ultra-violet light, and dated by Ker to the late twelfth/early thirteenth century, reinforced his view. Yet there still remain problems and uncertainties, and my purpose here is first to sketch in a little of the history of the manuscript in its present form, and secondly, by further examination of particular aspects of its to supplement and qualify Blair’s conclusions.

P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO AND THE CAPTURE OF NEW CARTHAGE: THE TIDE, THE WIND AND OTHER FANTASIES

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 458-474
Author(s):  
J.H. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
War Effort ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The City

In 209 b.c. P. Cornelius Scipio captured the city of New Carthage. The victory was crucial for the Roman war effort in Spain, and indeed in Italy too, but Scipio's campaign is especially memorable—and the subject of much debate—on account of the manner in which the city was taken. New Carthage had in effect been built on a peninsula, with the sea to the south and a lagoon to the north, and with a canal joining the two to the west. The city, therefore, could only be approached by land from the east; but, according to Polybius, Scipio had learnt from some fishermen that the lagoon was shallow and could be forded in most places and, moreover, that the waters in it usually receded each evening (10.8.7). It was this knowledge that Scipio exploited to take the city. But this same knowledge he also kept from his men (10.9.1, 10.9.4–5). In his address to his soldiers prior to the attack, Polybius says, Scipio told them that Poseidon had visited him in his sleep and had promised to assist the Romans in their operations in a way that would be apparent to all (10.11.7).

scholarly journals XXIV. On the effect of westerly winds in raising the level of the British Channel

1809 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
pp. 400-403
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
The West ◽  
Actual Position ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Westerly Winds ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
A Current

Dear Sir, In the “ Observations on a Current that often prevails to the “Westward of Scilly ,” which I had the honour to lay before the Royal Society many years ago, I slightly mentioned, as connected with the same subject, the effect of strong westerly winds, in raising the level of the British Channel; and the escape of the super-incumbent waters, through the Strait of Dover, into the then lower level of the North Sea. The recent loss of the Britannia East India ship, Captain Birch, on the Goodwin Sands, has impressed this fact more strongly on my mind; as I have no doubt that her loss was occasioned by a current, produced by the running off of the accumulated waters; a violent gale from the westward then prevailing. The circumstances under which she was lost, were generally these: In January last she sailed from her anchorage between Dover and the South Foreland (on her way to Portsmouth), and was soon after assailed by a violent gale between the west and south-west. The thick weather preventing a view of the lights , the pilot was left entirely to the reckoning and the lead; and when it was concluded that the ship was quite clear of the Goodwin, she struck on the north-eastern extremity of the southernmost of those sands. And this difference between the reckoning (after due allowance being made for the tides) and the actual position, I conclude was owing to the northerly stream of current, which caught the ship when she drifted to the back , or eastern side of the Goodwin.

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