Shari‘a a Customary Law?: An Analytical Assessment from The Nigerian Constitution and Judicial Precedents

Under the Nigerian legal classification, shari‘a, the Islamic legal system is classified as customary law. It is on these premises that the Muslims’ agitations for full-fledge shari‘a applications and declassification from being a customary law are always thwarted and termed “unconstitutional” by the shari’a antagonists while the Muslims and protagonists viewed the problems as judicial misinterpretations and legal incongruity. In this study, with the adoption of an analytical approach, shari‘a and customary law are assessed from the provisions of the Nigerian Constitutions and some judicial precedents to unravel the actual position of shari‘a. It was then discovered that, despite the classification under the Nigerian legal system, shari‘a could not have been a customary law due to some factors which include its sources, divinity, permanency and universality.AbstrakDalam hukum Nigeria, hukum Islam atau syariah diklasifikasikan sebagai hukum adat. Premis itulah yang menjadi agitasi upaya penerapan syariah secara penuh oleh umat Islam. Usaha untuk pendeklasifikasi hukum adat selalu digagalkan dan dianggap “inkonstitusional” oleh penentang syariah. sementara sebagian Muslim dan pendukung syariah memandang masalah tersebut sebagai salah tafsir yudisial dan ketidaksesuaian hukum. Dalam penelitian ini, dengan memakai pendekatan analitis, syariah dan hukum adat dinilai untuk mempertegas dalam ketentuan Konstitusi Nigeria berdasar beberapa preseden yudisial untuk mengungkap posisi syariah yang sebenarnya. Kemudian ditemukan bahwa, meskipun klasifikasi di bawah sistem hukum Nigeria, syariah tidak bisa menjadi hukum adat karena beberapa faktor yang meliputi sumbernya, keilahian, keabadian, dan universalitas.

Ermitteln von Lagefehlern bei Einlippenbohrern/Determination of position errors in single-lip drills

Dieser Beitrag stellt eine berührungslose Messmethode zur Feststellung von Lagefehlern bei Einlippenbohrern vor, die auf der Verwendung eines Laser-Profilsensors basiert. Durch die Messung von Verlagerungen an mehreren Positionen entlang des langsam rotierenden Werkzeugschafts kann die Lage des Werkzeugs in Polarkoordinaten abgebildet werden. Das System bietet die Möglichkeit sowohl herstellungsbedingte Fehler als auch durch Bearbeitungskräfte und -momente verursachte Formänderungen des Werkzeugs nach verschiedenen Schnittwegen feststellen zu können.   This article introduces a non-contact measuring method, based on the use of a laser profile sensor to determine position errors in single-lip drills. By measuring displacements at several positions along the tool shaft with the machine spindle rotating slowly, the actual position of the tool can be mapped in polar coordinates. The system thus offers the potential to identify manufacturing-related errors as well as changes in the shape of the tool caused by machining forces and torques after different cutting paths.

Vukovarska ada - (un)disputed part of the Serbian-Croatian border on the Danube

The Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Croatia, once (with the prefix "Socialistic") members of the Yugoslav federation, and today neighboring, sovereign, internationally recognized states, have a common border of two hundred and fifty-two kilometers, of which one hundred and thirty-eight kilometers along the Danube. The line of the border on the Danube is the subject of different interpretations by the two sides, which in practice leads to numerous problems, primarily in terms of navigation safety, prevention of migration, poaching, flood defense and other security challenges. One of the points of contention is Vukovarska ada, a river island over which both sides emphasize their sovereignty. In 2011, the local governments of Bac and Vukovar, in order to relax the situation and improve good neighborly relations, signed the Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation, and it significantly affected the actual position of Vukovar Ada. In this text, the author analyzes the historical circumstances and the current status of Vukovar Ada in the context of the future overall resolution of the issue of demarcation of Serbia and Croatia on the Danube, as well as in the context of the Bac-Vukovar Agreement, ie the possibility of applying a similar model with appropriate modifications applied to some other disputed part of the common border on the Danube

FUTURE OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LIFE (EXPERIENCE OF SOCIOLOGICAL DIMENSION)

Based on sociological data, the article analyzes the perceptions of Russians about their social position from the standpoint of a citizen, resident, employee and participant in interpersonal communication, which is the basis for their desired or actual position in the future. First, it is the status of a person as a citizen of the country and his understanding of the state of the country both in world politics and the main internal social problems. Secondly, a person is analyzed as a resident of a certain administrative-territorial entity, within the framework of which the problems of his daily life and his desire to achieve results that suit him in the construction of his life are solved. Third, it examines the position of a person as an employee of a production organization, the problems of his working life and possible ways of solving them. And finally, the analysis ends with a consideration of the problems that occur in the microsphere, in the immediate environment of a person.

Smart bookcase based on image recognition

With the improvement of people’s living standards, the demand for books and the efficiency and accuracy of accessing books are also increasing. Because the information displayed to readers on the library management system is the position of the book when it is neatly arranged, sometimes the position of the book is inconsistent with the actual position of the book, which increases the difficulty for readers to find the target book. The traditional bookcase has a simple structure, and it takes a certain amount of time to search for books on weekdays. In view of the time-consuming situation of borrowing books, and in order to make it convenient for borrowers to find books, it is extremely important to develop a new type of networkable smart bookcase for libraries.

Revisiting (In)visibility: A Reflexive Study of Two English Translations of Iqbal’s “Shikwa” and “Jawab-i-Shikwa”

This research is a comparative analysis of two translated versions of Iqbal’s Urdu poems: “Shikwa” and “Jawab-i-Shikwa” to determine the actual position of the two translators in the light of the concepts theorized by Venuti (2008). Venuti mainly focused on the visibility and invisibility of the translator. These theoretical aspects, conjoined with certain peripheral scholastic ideas, have been applied on both translated versions. Through the strategies of (in)visibility, the research also investigates how the boundaries between foreignization and domestication have been blurred, and how the ideologies are embedded in the translation process. The result displays a revised version of (in)visibility.

Pottery Clay: An Aid to Stabilize the Metal Components During Soldering

Lack of stabilization of metal components during soldering is the most common problem encountered in orthodontic lab work. Metal components tend to slip or change from their actual position during soldering. This article provides a simple tip for easy and steady positioning of metal components during the soldering procedure using pottery clay.

Validation of a gyroscope-based wearable device for real-time position monitoring of patients in a hospital

BACKGROUND: Monitoring patients’ position is important, but there have been few studies related to validation. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the validity of position monitoring measured using a wearable device by comparing the device’s measurements to a patient’s actual position. METHODS: We constructed a wearable device with a three-axis gyroscope and applied it to 10 patients who were unable to change their position independently. We compared the actual angle of the position and the angle transmitted from the wearable device using a Bland-Altman plot and a receiver operating characteristic curve. RESULTS: We compared the actual angle of the position and the angle transmitted from the wearable device using a Bland-Altman plot, but it was difficult to observe statistical similarity. The angles transmitted from the wearable device in the lateral and supine positions showed significant differences. The cutoff value separating the lateral and supine positions was found to be 27.1∘ (sensitivity = 100%, specificity = 99.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Through our method, the measured values from the gyroscope-based wearable device did not accurately reflect the patient’s actual position. However, the wearable device was able to distinguish the lateral position from the supine position.

Validation of the Accuracy of Postoperative Analysis Methods for Locating the Actual Position of Implants: An In Vitro Study

Assessment of the accuracy of an implant guide system is essential, yet the reliability of postoperative methods for locating the implant position has still not been clarified. This study therefore sought to evaluate the accuracy of postoperative methods for locating the actual position of implants in terms of their linear and angular deviations. The implant position in a dentiform model was located using the following three methods: manual matching on a cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) image (MC group), manual matching on a mesh model of CBCT (MM group), and automatic matching on a scan abutment of a scan image (AS group). Thirty clinicians adopted each method, and the estimated position of the implant in each group was compared three-dimensionally with the reference implant position using image analysis software in terms of the linear, vertical, and angular deviations. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post-hoc test were used for statistical analyses (α = 0.05). In general, the deviations were the largest in the MC group, followed by the MM group and the AS group. The ANOVA results suggested that all deviations values were markedly smaller in the AS group than in the MC group (p < 0.001). The interoperator measurement variability of all deviations was relatively smaller in the AS group than in the other two groups. The automatic matching method using scan abutments was more accurate than the manual matching methods using CBCT and mesh images in assessing the deviations that existed between the planned and actual positions of the implant. The use of scan abutments is recommended for the postoperative assessment of an implant’s placement location.